. 2020 Jan 23;20:99. doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-7841-7

Table 3.

Association between social engagement and unhealthy lifestyle behaviors as well as subjective well-being across six countries (adjusted logistic regression models)

	China OR (95% CI)	Russia OR (95% CI)	India OR (95% CI)	Ghana OR (95% CI)	South Africa OR (95% CI)	Mexico OR (95% CI)
Tobacco and alcohol use and diet
Tobacco use (Ref: not current smokers)	1.19 (1.02–1.40)	0.79 (0.52–1.20)	0.96 (0.82–1.12)	0.81 (0.66–0.98)	0.58 (0.45–0.74)	1.20 (0.69–2.09)
Harmful drinking (Ref: < 14 standard drinks/week)	1.21 (0.94–1.55)	0.98 (0.44–2.21)	1.76 (0.90–3.43)	1.10 (0.86–1.42)	0.73 (0.40–1.33)	1.00 (0.37–2.73)
Low fruit and vegetable intake (Ref: ≥ 5 serves/day)	0.48 (0.35–0.65)	0.45 (0.30–0.68)	0.56 (0.45–0.70)	1.30 (1.13–1.51)	0.88 (0.69–1.12)	0.82 (0.48–1.42)
Activity-related behaviors
Physical inactivity (Ref: ≥ 600 MET-minutes/week)	0.64 (0.47–0.86)	0.31 (0.19–0.50)	0.59 (0.49–0.72)	0.38 (0.32–0.45)	0.77 (0.60–0.97)	0.42 (0.29–0.60)
Prolonged sitting time (Ref: ≤ 7 hours/day)	0.87 (0.68–1.12)	1.40 (0.90–2.18)	0.99 (0.81–1.22)	0.70 (0.58–0.84)	0.40 (0.24–0.65)	0.58 (0.22–1.57)
Unhealthy sleep time (Ref: 7–9 hours/day)	0.73 (0.63–0.85)	0.86 (0.66–1.11)	0.84 (0.70–1.01)	0.74 (0.64–0.84)	1.15 (0.94–1.40)	–
Subjective well-being
Perceived depression (Ref: not perceived depression)	0.80 (0.65–0.99)	0.53 (0.39–0.73)	0.88 (0.74–1.05)	1.13 (0.97–1.31)	1.05 (0.83–1.33)	0.61 (0.38–0.99)
Poor self-rated health (Ref: moderate and good self-rated health)	0.72 (0.58–0.89)	0.52 (0.32–0.86)	0.76 (0.63–0.91)	0.53 (0.45–0.63)	0.67 (0.49–0.93)	0.36 (0.15–0.83)
Low quality of life (Ref: high quality of life)	0.54 (0.44–0.67)	0.35 (0.22–0.56)	0.54 (0.44–0.66)	0.57 (0.49–0.66)	0.68 (0.52–0.89)	0.19 (0.07–0.50)

China
OR (95% CI)

Russia
OR (95% CI)

India
OR (95% CI)

Ghana
OR (95% CI)

South Africa
OR (95% CI)

Mexico
OR (95% CI)

Tobacco and alcohol use and diet

Tobacco use

(Ref: not current smokers)

1.19

(1.02–1.40)

0.79

(0.52–1.20)

0.96

(0.82–1.12)

0.81

(0.66–0.98)

0.58

(0.45–0.74)

1.20

(0.69–2.09)

Harmful drinking

(Ref: < 14 standard drinks/week)

1.21

(0.94–1.55)

0.98

(0.44–2.21)

1.76

(0.90–3.43)

1.10

(0.86–1.42)

0.73

(0.40–1.33)

1.00

(0.37–2.73)

Low fruit and vegetable intake

(Ref: ≥ 5 serves/day)

0.48

(0.35–0.65)

0.45

(0.30–0.68)

0.56

(0.45–0.70)

1.30

(1.13–1.51)

0.88

(0.69–1.12)

0.82

(0.48–1.42)

Activity-related behaviors

Physical inactivity

(Ref: ≥ 600 MET-minutes/week)

0.64

(0.47–0.86)

0.31

(0.19–0.50)

0.59

(0.49–0.72)

0.38

(0.32–0.45)

0.77

(0.60–0.97)

0.42

(0.29–0.60)

Prolonged sitting time

(Ref: ≤ 7 hours/day)

0.87

(0.68–1.12)

1.40

(0.90–2.18)

0.99

(0.81–1.22)

0.70

(0.58–0.84)

0.40

(0.24–0.65)

0.58

(0.22–1.57)

Unhealthy sleep time

(Ref: 7–9 hours/day)

0.73

(0.63–0.85)

0.86

(0.66–1.11)

0.84

(0.70–1.01)

0.74

(0.64–0.84)

1.15

(0.94–1.40)

–

Subjective well-being

Perceived depression

(Ref: not perceived depression)

0.80

(0.65–0.99)

0.53

(0.39–0.73)

0.88

(0.74–1.05)

1.13

(0.97–1.31)

1.05

(0.83–1.33)

0.61

(0.38–0.99)

Poor self-rated health

(Ref: moderate and good self-rated health)

0.72

(0.58–0.89)

0.52

(0.32–0.86)

0.76

(0.63–0.91)

0.53

(0.45–0.63)

0.67

(0.49–0.93)

0.36

(0.15–0.83)

Low quality of life

(Ref: high quality of life)

0.54

(0.44–0.67)

0.35

(0.22–0.56)

0.54

(0.44–0.66)

0.57

(0.49–0.66)

0.68

(0.52–0.89)

0.19

(0.07–0.50)

Adjusted for sex, age group, marital status, education level, place of residence, and income quintiles

Note: Weighted estimates