. 2020 Jan 23;20:99. doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-7841-7

Table 5.

Association between social engagement and unhealthy lifestyle behaviors as well as subjective well-being across six countries (unadjusted logistic regression models)

	China OR (95% CI)	Russia OR (95% CI)	India OR (95% CI)	Ghana OR (95% CI)	South Africa OR (95% CI)	Mexico OR (95% CI)
Tobacco and alcohol use and diet
Tobacco use (Ref: not current smokers)	1.45 (1.25–1.69)	1.20 (0.84–1.72)	1.36 (1.15–1.62)	0.81 (0.72–0.93)	0.63 (0.50–0.80)	1.26 (0.64–2.48)
Harmful drinking (Ref: < 14 standard drinks/week)	1.75 (1.43–2.15)	1.03 (0.56–1.92)	2.58 (1.55–4.29)	1.53 (1.20–1.97)	0.80 (0.45–1.43)	0.43 (0.07–2.56)
Low fruit and vegetable intake (Ref: ≥ 5 serves/day)	0.41 (0.30–0.55)	0.49 (0.36–0.66)	0.42 (0.35–0.50)	1.22 (1.08–1.39)	0.84 (0.66–1.06)	0.75 (0.35–1.59)
Activity-related behaviors
Physical inactivity (Ref: ≥ 600 MET-minutes/week)	0.55 (0.41–0.72)	0.15 (0.09–0.27)	0.43 (0.36–0.51)	0.32 (0.28–0.37)	0.67 (0.53–0.84)	0.44 (0.27–0.71)
Prolonged sitting time (Ref: ≤ 7 hours/day)	0.79 (0.63–0.99)	1.52 (0.94–2.46)	0.95 (0.79–1.14)	0.79 (0.67–0.92)	0.42 (0.23–0.75)	0.64 (0.29–1.39)
Unhealthy sleep time (Ref: 7–9 hours/day)	0.65 (0.56–0.76)	0.65 (0.48–0.88)	0.89 (0.73–1.09)	0.73 (0.64–0.83)	1.00 (0.82–1.22)	–
Subjective well-being
Perceived depression (Ref: not perceived depression)	0.72 (0.59–0.89)	0.36 (0.26–0.51)	0.68 (0.59–0.79)	0.98 (0.87–1.12)	1.04 (0.84–1.30)	0.58 (0.38–0.88)
Poor self-rated health (Ref: moderate and good self-rated health)	0.64 (0.53–0.76)	0.22 (0.13–0.37)	0.52 (0.43–0.62)	0.41 (0.35–0.48)	0.64 (0.49–0.85)	0.38 (0.16–0.91)
Low quality of life (Ref: high quality of life)	0.48 (0.39–0.59)	0.22 (0.14–0.35)	0.36 (0.30–0.45)	0.47 (0.41–0.54)	0.68 (0.54–0.86)	0.27 (0.11–0.69)

China
OR (95% CI)

Russia
OR (95% CI)

India
OR (95% CI)

Ghana
OR (95% CI)

South Africa
OR (95% CI)

Mexico
OR (95% CI)

Tobacco and alcohol use and diet

Tobacco use

(Ref: not current smokers)

1.45

(1.25–1.69)

1.20

(0.84–1.72)

1.36

(1.15–1.62)

0.81

(0.72–0.93)

0.63

(0.50–0.80)

1.26

(0.64–2.48)

Harmful drinking

(Ref: < 14 standard drinks/week)

1.75

(1.43–2.15)

1.03

(0.56–1.92)

2.58

(1.55–4.29)

1.53

(1.20–1.97)

0.80

(0.45–1.43)

0.43

(0.07–2.56)

Low fruit and vegetable intake

(Ref: ≥ 5 serves/day)

0.41

(0.30–0.55)

0.49

(0.36–0.66)

0.42

(0.35–0.50)

1.22

(1.08–1.39)

0.84

(0.66–1.06)

0.75

(0.35–1.59)

Activity-related behaviors

Physical inactivity

(Ref: ≥ 600 MET-minutes/week)

0.55

(0.41–0.72)

0.15

(0.09–0.27)

0.43

(0.36–0.51)

0.32

(0.28–0.37)

0.67

(0.53–0.84)

0.44

(0.27–0.71)

Prolonged sitting time

(Ref: ≤ 7 hours/day)

0.79

(0.63–0.99)

1.52

(0.94–2.46)

0.95

(0.79–1.14)

0.79

(0.67–0.92)

0.42

(0.23–0.75)

0.64

(0.29–1.39)

Unhealthy sleep time

(Ref: 7–9 hours/day)

0.65

(0.56–0.76)

0.65

(0.48–0.88)

0.89

(0.73–1.09)

0.73

(0.64–0.83)

1.00

(0.82–1.22)

–

Subjective well-being

Perceived depression

(Ref: not perceived depression)

0.72

(0.59–0.89)

0.36

(0.26–0.51)

0.68

(0.59–0.79)

0.98

(0.87–1.12)

1.04

(0.84–1.30)

0.58

(0.38–0.88)

Poor self-rated health

(Ref: moderate and good self-rated health)

0.64

(0.53–0.76)

0.22

(0.13–0.37)

0.52

(0.43–0.62)

0.41

(0.35–0.48)

0.64

(0.49–0.85)

0.38

(0.16–0.91)

Low quality of life

(Ref: high quality of life)

0.48

(0.39–0.59)

0.22

(0.14–0.35)

0.36

(0.30–0.45)

0.47

(0.41–0.54)

0.68

(0.54–0.86)

0.27

(0.11–0.69)

Note: Weighted estimates