Fig. 1.

Physical stimuli-induced ATP release from gastrointestinal epithelia. a Release of ATP from the rat gastric epithelial cell line RGE1-01 in response to acid (pH 4.0), heat (40°C), and hypo-osmolality (half-normal saline). Acid-induced ATP release was not inhibited in the absence of extracellular Ca²⁺, the vesicle-trafficking inhibitor BFA, or the VNUT inhibitor Clod. b Rat IEC-6 also release ATP in response to acid or hypo-osmolality (^# p < 0.05 vs. Cont). ATP, adenosine triphosphate; BFA, brefeldin A; Clod, clodronate; IEC, intestinal epithelia cells; Cont, control.