Table S1.
Borderline Symptoms (Measured on a Continuous Scale) at Age 12 Predict Poor Outcomes at Age 18 Even After Adjusting for Poor Adjustment During Childhood
| Age 18 outcome | Model 1a | Model 2b |
|---|---|---|
| Personality | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) |
| Openness to experience | −.08 (−0.13, −0.03) | −.07 (−0.12, −0.02) |
| Conscientiousness | −.16 (−0.21, −0.12) | −.14 (−0.19, −0.09) |
| Extraversion | .06 (0.02, 0.11) | .07 (0.02, 0.12) |
| Agreeableness | −.28 (−0.32, −0.23) | −.24 (−0.29, −0.20) |
| Neuroticism | .23 (0.19, 0.28) | .23 (0.19, 0.28) |
| Poor mental health | IRR (95% CI) | IRR (95% CI) |
| Conduct disorder | 1.41 (1.31, 1.51) | 1.30 (1.18, 1.42) |
| Alcohol use disorder | 1.12 (1.05, 1.19) | N/A |
| Cannabis use disorder | 1.44 (1.24, 1.66) | N/A |
| Depression | 1.18 (1.09, 1.28) | 1.14 (1.05, 1.24) |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 1.13 (0.97, 1.31) | 1.12 (0.97, 1.30) |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder | 1.26 (1.05, 1.52) | N/A |
| Suicide attempts or self-harm | 1.38 (1.27, 1.50) | 1.31 (1.19, 1.43) |
| Service use | 1.31 (1.21, 1.41) | 1.27 (1.18, 1.38) |
| Coinformant report of poor mental health | 1.36 (1.29, 1.44) | N/A |
| Poor functioning | IRR (95% CI) | IRR (95% CI) |
| Low educational qualifications | 1.40 (1.32, 1.49) | 1.23 (1.15, 1.31) |
| NEET status | 1.35 (1.21, 1.50) | N/A |
| Cigarette smoking | 1.40 (1.33, 1.49) | N/A |
| Risky sexual behavior | 1.29 (1.22, 1.37) | N/A |
| Social isolation | 1.23 (1.14, 1.33) | 1.07 (0.97, 1.18) |
| Low life satisfaction | 1.27 (1.17, 1.36) | N/A |
| Official crime record | 1.54 (1.40, 1.69) | N/A |
| Adolescent victimization | IRR (95% CI) | IRR (95% CI) |
| Maltreatment | 1.89 (1.61, 2.22) | 1.66 (1.39, 1.98) |
| Neglect | 1.84 (1.56, 2.17) | 1.59 (1.34, 1.88) |
| Sexual victimization | 1.45 (1.22, 1.72) | 1.26 (1.07, 1.50) |
| Family violence | 1.30 (1.18, 1.44) | 1.20 (1.09, 1.33) |
| Peer victimization | 1.28 (1.17, 1.39) | 1.25 (1.14, 1.36) |
| Cyber-victimization | 1.32 (1.16, 1.50) | 1.29 (1.12, 1.48) |
| Crime victimization | 1.25 (1.16, 1.34) | 1.19 (1.10, 1.28) |
Note: Boldface type indicates statistically significant estimates (p > .05). β = standardized regression coefficient; IRR=incidence rate ratio (interpretable as risk ratios); N/A = not applicable.
Model 1: Models are adjusted for sex only.
Model 2: Models are additionally adjusted for the baseline measurement of the respective outcome (eg, when predicting personality functioning at age 18, we adjusted for personality ratings by examiners at age 12; when predicting attainment at age 18, we adjusted for educational attainment as rated by teachers at age 12; when predicting victimization during adolescence, we adjusted for childhood physical or sexual victimization by an adult as assessed through mothers’ reports, as previously described.1, 2 Adjusting for the baseline measurement was not always possible (eg, because outcomes could not or were not measured during childhood, such as risky sexual behavior).