Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants by group at the pre-test (N = 115).
| Control | Intervention | Total | χ2 | P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | (n = 49) | (n = 66) | (n = 115) | or ta | |
| Age (mean ± SD) | 50.50 ± 12.94 | 51.63 ± 10.05 | 51.11 ± 11.41 | −0.48 | 0.63 |
| Subethnicity (%) | |||||
| Chinese | 53.06 | 42.42 | 46.96 | 1.29 | 0.53 |
| Korean | 32.65 | 39.39 | 36.52 | ||
| Japanese | 14.29 | 18.18 | 16.52 | ||
| Religion (%) | |||||
| No | 40.43 | 44.64 | 42.72 | 0.19 | 0.67 |
| Yes | 59.57 | 55.36 | 57.28 | ||
| Marital status (%) | |||||
| Single, never partnered | 6.38 | 9.09 | 7.84 | 7.67 | 0.10 |
| Married | 68.09 | 58.18 | 62.75 | ||
| Partnered, permanent relationship | 6.38 | 3.64 | 4.90 | ||
| Divorced/separated/no longer partnered | 12.77 | 29.09 | 21.57 | ||
| Widowed | 6.38 | 0.00 | 2.94 | ||
| Education (%) | |||||
| Junior high school/graduated | 4.26 | 3.57 | 3.88 | 1.52 | 0.82 |
| High school/graduated | 17.02 | 25.00 | 21.36 | ||
| Partial college | 17.02 | 16.07 | 16.50 | ||
| College/graduated | 36.17 | 37.50 | 36.89 | ||
| Graduate degree | 25.53 | 17.86 | 21.36 | ||
| Employment (%) | |||||
| No | 57.89 | 63.64 | 60.98 | 0.28 | 0.60 |
| Yes | 42.11 | 36.36 | 39.02 | ||
| Income sufficiency (%) | |||||
| Totally insufficient | 11.36 | 24.07 | 18.37 | 3.85 | 0.28 |
| Very hard to pay for basics | 34.09 | 29.63 | 31.63 | ||
| Somewhat hard to pay for basics | 38.64 | 38.89 | 38.78 | ||
| Not hard to pay for basics | 15.91 | 7.41 | 11.22 | ||
| Residence type (%) | |||||
| Urban | 84.09 | 88.89 | 86.73 | 1.15 | 0.56 |
| Rural | 13.64 | 7.41 | 10.20 | ||
| Other | 2.27 | 3.70 | 3.06 | ||
| Asians in the neighborhood (%) | |||||
| No | 18.18 | 25.93 | 22.45 | 0.84 | 0.36 |
| Yes | 81.82 | 74.07 | 77.55 | ||
| U.S.-born (%) | |||||
| No | 88.37 | 87.27 | 87.76 | 0.03 | 0.87 |
| Yes | 11.63 | 12.73 | 12.24 | ||
| Length of U.S. residence (mean ± SD) | 16.41 ± 10.10 | 16.63 ± 10.60 | 16.53 ± 10.30 | −0.09 | 0.93 |
| Acculturation (mean ± SD) | 18.05 ± 3.60 | 18.26 ± 3.62 | 18.16 ± 3.59 | −0.32 | 0.75 |
| Access to health care (%) | |||||
| No | 6.52 | 14.55 | 10.89 | 1.66 | 0.20 |
| Yes | 93.48 | 85.45 | 89.11 | ||
| Type of breast cancer (%) | |||||
| Invasive | 74.36 | 80.77 | 78.02 | 0.53 | 0.46 |
| Non-invasive (in situ) | 25.64 | 19.23 | 21.98 | ||
| Stage of breast cancer (%) | |||||
| Stage I | 32.56 | 34.55 | 33.67 | 0.35 | 0.99 |
| Stage II | 41.86 | 43.64 | 42.86 | ||
| Stage III | 11.63 | 9.09 | 10.20 | ||
| Stage IV | 4.65 | 5.45 | 5.10 | ||
| Don’t know | 9.30 | 7.27 | 8.16 | ||
| Perceived health status (%) | |||||
| Excellent | 2.33 | 3.70 | 3.09 | 2.98 | 0.70 |
| Very good | 16.28 | 12.96 | 14.43 | ||
| Good | 27.91 | 29.63 | 28.87 | ||
| Fair | 37.21 | 31.48 | 34.02 | ||
| Poor | 16.28 | 16.67 | 16.49 | ||
| Don’t know | 0.0 | 5.56 | 3.09 | ||
| Use of medication (%) | |||||
| No | 13.64 | 21.82 | 18.18 | 1.10 | 0.29 |
| Yes | 86.36 | 78.18 | 81.82 | ||
| Cancer pain management (%) | |||||
| No | 57.89 | 47.27 | 51.61 | 1.02 | 0.31 |
| Yes | 42.11 | 52.73 | 48.39 | ||
| Symptom management (%) | |||||
| No | 41.03 | 31.48 | 35.48 | 0.90 | 0.34 |
| Yes | 58.97 | 68.52 | 64.52 |
a
Chi-square or t-value was presented for categorical or continuous variables, respectively.