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Young and aged mBMMs of M0, M1, and M2 phenotype were challenged with titanium particles in vitro. Using qRT-PCR, the inflammatory response to particles was characterized by studying the relative mRNA expressions of (a-c) IL-1β and (d-f) IL-6 at 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h. (g) The amount of secreted IL-6 was further assessed by ELISA. * represents statistical significance between young and aged macrophages, while ‡ identifies significant effect of particle stimulation.
