. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer. 2019 Oct 30;1873(1):188318. doi: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.188318

Table 3.

Markers for malignant/invasive cystic lesions.

Marker	Sn/Sp (%)	Fluid source	Reference	Features
Cytology
Cell morphology	55–65/91	Cystic fluid	[99]	Cells from EUS/FNA with nuclear atypia, dysplasia, and abnormal morphology are suggestive of PDAC
Protein
CA19–9	40/89	Serum	[113]	Present on the surface of cells and glycoproteins. Only clinically used serum marker for monitoring PDAC
	90/43	Pancreatic juice	[111]
	81/69	Cystic fluid	[112]
CEA	18/93	Serum	[113]	Normally found in embryonic tissue. Increased levels are associated with MCNs and PDAC
	94/85^a	Pancreatic juice	[110]
	92/64	Cystic fluid	[112]
MUC1 (mRNA)	89/71	Pancreatic juice	[122]	Mucins are a family of high-molecular-weight glycoproteins that are aberrantly expressed in the setting of PDAC
MUC2	NA	Cystic fluid	[60]
MUC4	NA	Cystic fluid	[60]
MUC5AC	NA	Serum	[60]
IL-1	79/95	Cystic fluid	[139]	Cytokine with a role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory response
Ubiquitin^b	NA	Cystic fluid	[150]	Regulatory molecule involved in protein degradation
Plectin-1	NA	Cystic fluid	[151]	Links microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments
mAb Das-1	89/100	Cystic fluid	[152]	Monoclonal antibody against colonic epithelium and reactive to premalignant upper gastrointestinal conditions
PGE2	NA	Cystic fluid	[155]	Mediates inflammation and is a product of COX2 conversion of arachidonic acid
DNA
KRAS	45/96	Cystic fluid	[163]	Known driver mutation in PDAC
GNAS	NA	Cystic fluid	[166]	Encodes the a subunit of G Protein
MOCA	75/92	Cystic fluid	[170]	Diagnostic combinaton of patient characteristics and genomic data
PathFinderTG®	83/91	Cystic fluid	[171]	Integrated Molecular Pathology Assay
Non-coding RNA
*miRs-210, 223, 221, 155, 187*	NA	Cystic fluid	[176]	miRs are small (19–24 nucleotides) non-coding, single-stranded RNA. These molecules regulate gene expression and have been implicated in various cancers including PDAC.
*miRs-24, 30a-3p, 18a, 92a, 342–3p, 106b, 142–3p, 532–3p*	89/100		[181]
*miR-155*	NA	Cystic fluid	[185]
lncs- ADARB2-AS1, ANRIL, GLIS3-AS1, LINC00472, MEG3, PANDA, PVT1, UCA1	79/76	Plasma	[188]	lncRNAs are non-coding RNAs larger than 200 nucleotides in length. They resemble coding transcripts but lack open reading frames.
	71/100^c

Sn - sensitivity, Sp - specificity, NA - statistically significant but Sn/Sp not reported, CA19–9 - cancer antigen 19–9, CEA - carcinoembryonic antigen, MUC - mucin, IL - interleukin, PGE2 - prostaglandin E2, KRAS - Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog, GNAS - guanine nucleotide-binding protein, MOCA - multivariate organization of combinatorial alterations, miR - microRNA, lnc - long-noncoding RNA.

Malignancy in BD-IPMNs only.

Sn/Sp of FNA samples was combined with tissue data.

SN/SP value of eight lncRNA panel when combined with miRNA and imaging features.