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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Mol Neurobiol. 2019 Sep 7;57(1):105–117. doi: 10.1007/s12035-019-01760-0

Fig. 4. The early phase of reactive gliosis and ischemia-induced neuronal injury are profoundly mitigated by pretreatment with DMF or Ginseng, whereas Nrf2 deficiency reduces such effects.

Fig. 4

(a) Representative images of CV-, Iba1, GFAP, GS, and AQP4 stained hippocampal CA1 regions at 6 h after HI (n=4–5 per group). (b–f) Quantitative analyses for (a). The early phase of ischemia-induced hippocampal CA1 neuronal injury was significantly attenuated in WT but not Nrf2−/− mice pretreated with DMF or Ginseng, whereas Nrf2 deficiency exacerbated such an injury. Consistently, reactive gliosis in microglia and astrocytes including astrocytic dysfunction of glutamate metabolism and water homeostasis was significantly reduced by pretreatment with DMF or Ginseng, but not under Nrf2 deficiency, as revealed by the intensity of Iba1, GFAP, GS, and AQP4 staining. *P<0.05, #P<0.05. CV: Cresyl violet; Iba1, ionized calcium-binding adapter protein 1; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; GS, glutamine synthetase; AQP4, aquaporin 4. Scale bar, 500 μm (a, hippocampus) and 50 μm (a, CA1 sub-region).