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Number of Nosema ceranae spores in honey bee gut (mean number of spores per bee ± SE) for each treatment (n = 5 colonies per treatment) over a one-year period (from May 2016 to May 2017), including surveys before pollination, during blueberry pollination and cranberry pollination, after pollination and after wintering. Significant differences between treatments (p < 0.01 based on post hoc Tukey’s test—HSD) are shown with different letters.
