Table 1. Participant characteristics and pulmonary function at baseline (week 1) and post-intervention (week 8), following inspiratory muscle training (IMT, n = 11) and the Otago exercise program (OEP, n = 14).
| IMT | OEP | P-values | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcomes | Baseline | Post-intervention | % change | Baseline | Post-intervention | % change | Between groups changes |
| Gender (M/F) | 4/7 | 4/10 | N/A | ||||
| Age (years) A | 74 ± 4 | 82 ± 7 | N/A | ||||
| BMI (kg m-2) | 27 ± 4.3 | 25 ± 5.3 | N/A | ||||
| ABC (%) A | 90.3 ± 9.7 | 92.0 ± 11.0 | 2 ± 18 | 67.1 ± 28.7 | 72.2 ± 27.9 | 8 ± 3 | NS |
| ODI (%) | 3.8 ± 6.4 | 4.4 ± 7.1 ** | 16 ± 11 | 7.5 ± 7.5 | 7.1 ± 8.8 | -5 ± 17 | NS |
| MMSE (total score 30) | 28.6 ± 1.0 | 28.6 ± 0.9 | 0 ± 10 | 27.9 ± 1.4 | 28.0 ± 1.4 | 0 ± 0 | NS |
| FVC (l) | 2.9 ± 0.9 | 3.0 ± 0.9 | 3 ± 0 | 2.2 ± 0.8 | 2.2 ± 0.8 | -2 ± 0 | NS |
| FEV1 (l s -1) A | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 0 ± 0 | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 1.7 ± 0.7 | 6 ± 17 | NS |
| PIFR (l s -1) | 4.9 ± 1.0 | 5.5 ± 1.1 | 12 ± 10 | 3.5 ± 1.3 | 3.6 ± 1.4 | 3 ± 8 | NS |
| MIP (cmH2O) | 81.0 ± 24.1 | 134.4 ± 47.4 * | 66 ± 97 | 52.8 ± 31.1 | 61.0 ± 35.9 | 16 ± 15 | P = 0.001 |
Data are mean ± standard deviation, BMI = body mass index, ABC = activities specific balance confidence scale, ODI = Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire, MMSE = mini-mental examination test, FVC = forced vital capacity, FEV1 = forced expiratory volume in 1 second, PIFR = peak inspiratory flow rate, MIP = maximal inspiratory pressure. N/A = not applicable. NS = not significant.
* Significantly different from baseline (P ≤ 0.05),
** significantly different from baseline (P ≤ 0.01).
A = group were significantly different at baseline (P ≤ 0.01).