Table 4.
Studies that only used pre-prepared scale to measure the correlation between periodontitis and stress.
| Author, Year | Sample | Scale | Outcomes | Correlation between stress and PD |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country, Study Design | Size | Mean Age (yrs) |
Periodontal Status |
|||
| Kolte et al. 2016 | 30 | N/S | H, non-smokers | Stress from poor socioeconomic status correlated with increased PPD and CP in both smokers and non-smokers | ||
| Socioeconomic data | Positive | |||||
| India, CS | 30 | N/S | CP, nonsmokers | |||
| Castro et al. 2006 | 96 | CP | BAI, BDI, STAI, LES | Similar levels of anxiety observed in both CP and H groups. | ||
| 45.65±6.23 | N/C | |||||
| Brazil, CC | ||||||
| Vettore et al. 2005 | 20 | 45.9 ± 8.3 | H | Increased anxiety traits correlated with poor response to NSPT | ||
| STAI | Positive | |||||
| Brazil, CC | 20 | 46.1 ±7.8 | Severe CP | |||
| Johannsen et al. 2005 | 119 | 36.2 ± 2.8 | CP | Increased anxiety correlated with severity of CP in smokers | ||
| 22 | 36.2 ± 2.8 | AP | GQ | Positive | ||
| Sweden, CS | 26 | 35.4 ± 3.5 | H | |||
| Solis et al. 2004 | 160 | 42.91 ± 10.45 | CP | STAI, BDI, LES, BHS, GQ | No association was observed | N/C |
| 160 | ||||||
| Brazil, CS | 34.92 ± 10.21 | H | ||||
| 97 | 46.26 ± 8.59 | Moderate CP | SSI, SRRS, STAI | Increased anxiety scores correlated with increased PPD (>4mm) and AL | ||
| Vettore et al. 2003 | 46.30 ± 6.53 | Severe CP | Positive | |||
| Brazil, CS | 46.00 ± 8.19 | H | ||||
| Wimmer et al. 2002 | 89 | 42.5 ± 8.9 | CP | Poor/defensive coping strategies correlated with AL | ||
| SCQ | Positive | |||||
| Austria, CS | 63 | 31.6 ± 10.4 | H | |||
| Pistorius et al. 2002 | 242 | 41.3 ± 10.7 | H | Life event-related stress correlated with severe CP | ||
| H | GQ | Positive | ||||
| Sweden, CS | 242 | 43.2 ± 10.3 | CP | |||
| Croucher et al. 1997 | 50 | 42.4 ± 7.2 | H | SRRS | Negative life events correlated with both CP and smoking status. | Positive |
| England, CC | 50 | 42.3 ± 6.7 | CP | |||
| Silva et al. 1996 | 50 | 37.8 ± 5.24 | AP | STAI, MPSSQ | Depression and loneliness scores correlated with AP compared to CP and H | Positive |
| 50 | 45.2 ± 6.36 | CP | ||||
| England, CS | 50 | 38.8 ± 8.83 | H | |||
| Moss et al. 1996 | 71 | N/S | CP | DSS, SCL-90R, CI | Risk of CP approximately triples (OR=2.84) with a high strain score | |
| Positive | ||||||
| NY, USA, CC | 77 | N/S | H |
CS: Cross-sectional, CC: Case Control, CP: Chronic periodontitis, H: Healthy periodontium, G: Gingivitis, AP: Aggressive periodontitis, PL: Plasma, SA: Salivary, CRE: Crevicular, N/C: No correlation, Positive: Positive correlation. BDI: Beck Depression Inventory, BAI: Beck anxiety inventory, STAI: State Trait Anxiety Inventory Scale, LES: Life Events Scale, GQ: General Questionnaire, BHS: Beck Hopelessness Scale, SSI: Stress symptom inventory, SRRS: Social readjustment rating scale, SCQ: Stress coping questionnaire, MPPSQ: Modified and Perceived Stress Scale Questionnaire, DSS: Daily strains scale, SCL90R: Brief symptom inventory, CI: Cope inventory.