Table 1:
Characteristics of the cohort
| USA (n=157) | Turkey (n=139) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | Control (n=48) | Comp (n=59) | Decomp (n=50) | All | Control (n=46) | Comp (n=50) | Decomp (n=43) | |
| Age† | 62.1±13.6 | 61.0±7.9 | 61.0±6.8 | 42.4±8.0 | 59.9±10.2 | 60.4±12.2* | ||
| Males† | 121 | 27 | 48 | 46* | 79 | 23 | 29 | 27 |
| BMI | 25.6±5.8 | 26.3±7.4 | 27.9±11.9 | 26.2±6.0 | 27.0±9.2 | 29.0±6.1 | ||
| Diabetes | 29 | - | 14 | 15 | 28 | - | 17 | 11 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 35 | - | 16 | 19 | 20 | - | 12 | 8 |
| MELD score | - | 8.7±2.9 | 12.6±5.3* | - | 8.4±2.4 | 11.2±3.5* | ||
| Serum albumin (g/dL) | - | 3.8±0.5 | 3.2±0.6* | - | 4.0±0.42 | 3.4±0.53* | ||
| Etiology (HCV/Alc/HCV+Alc/NASH/HBV/Others)† | 45/24/15/16/3/6 | - | 27/7/7/12/2/4 | 18/17/8/4/1/2 | 20/10/2/30/24/7 | - | 11/3/0/17/15/4 | 9/7/2/13/9/3 |
| PPI Use | 55 | 10 | 19 | 26* | 56 | 8 | 17 | 31 |
| Lactulose† | 38 | 0 | 0 | 38 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 19 |
| Rifaximin† | 31 | 0 | 0 | 31 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
| Alcohol use† | 17 | 10 | 5 | 2* | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0* |
| NSBB† | 44 | - | 15 | 29* | 17 | - | 9 | 8 |
| Prior Ascites | 34 | - | 0 | 34* | 24 | - | 0 | 24* |
| Prior HE† | 40 | - | 0 | 40* | 8 | - | 0 | 8* |
| Prior Variceal bleeding† | 20 | - | 0 | 20* | 8 | - | 0 | 8* |
| Prior jaundice† | 2 | - | 0 | 2 | 14 | - | 0 | 14 |
| Presence of Varices | 41 | - | 9 | 32* | 47 | - | 14 | 23* |
| Smoking | 27 | 2 | 16 | 9* | 24 | 13 | 9 | 12 |
| Fiber supplement | 7 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
| Total daily caloric intake | 2361±801 | 2461±1201 | 2260±740 | 2373±995 | 2399±890 | 2292±1015 | ||
| % calorie protein | 16.5±4.6 | 15.9±5.3 | 15.7±6.2 | 16.1±5.2 | 17.2±9.4 | 14.9±8.3 | ||
| % calories fats | 30.3±7.6 | 33.1±5.9 | 32.1±8.2 | 29.6±8.9 | 30.1±6.7 | 31.2±7.4 | ||
| % calories carbohydrates | 48.1±9.8 | 49.4±6.0 | 46.8±12.1 | 49.2±11.6 | 47.9±9.6 | 45.7±6.1 | ||
| Shannon diversity index† | 7.31±1.05 | 6.86±1.23 | 6.02±1.52* | 7.83±0.91 | 8.04±0.30 | 7.86±0.97 | ||
Comp: compensated, decomp: decompensated, MELD: model for end-stage liver disease, HCV: hepatitis C virus, Alc: alcoholic liver disease, NASH: non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, PPI: proton pump inhibitor, NSBB: non-selective beta-blockers, HE: hepatic encephalopathy.
Data are presented as subject numbers or as mean±standard deviation.
†:
p<0.05 between USA and Turkey,
*
p<0.05 within the same population.