. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jul 1.

Published in final edited form as: World J Urol. 2019 Jul 25;38(7):1599–1605. doi: 10.1007/s00345-019-02881-w

Table 2.

Comparison of task-evoked pupillary response (TEPR) between novices (N), intermediates (I), and experts (E)

Task Type	Group	Index of Cognitive Activity (ICA)	p-Value
		Median (IQR)
EndoWrist® manipulation	N	0.517 (0.433 – 0.574)	< 0.005 ^†^⋄
	I	0.442 (0.363 – 0.475)
	E	0.423 (0.298 –0.506)

Needle targeting	N	0.430 (0.383 – 0.547)	0.051
	I	0.365 (0.298 – 0.425)
	E	0.328 (0.192 – 0.452)

Suturing/knot tying	N	0.534 (0.388 – 0.592)	0.037 ^⋄
	I	0.372 (0.278– 0.485)
	E	0.372(0.248 – 0.485)

Excision/dissection	N	0.471 (0.416 – 0.534)	0.043 ^⋄
	I	0.418 (0.389 – 0.468)
	E	0.346 (0.265 – 0.473)

TEPR, as a measure of cognitive workload, is quantified by the Index of Cognitive Activity (ICA) on a scale of 0 to 1, with higher values indicating higher cognitive workload.

^⋄

denotes significant difference (p<0.05) between groups E & N (experts and novices)

^†

denotes significant difference (p<0.05) between groups I & N (intermediates and novices)

denotes significant difference (p<0.05) between groups E & I (experts and intermediates)