Table 2.

Prevalence of depressive symptoms across study visits among mSTUDY participants, by HIV-status (8/2014 – 6/2018)


	Total (n=1,888 visits)			HIV-positive (n=964 visits)			HIV-negative (n=924 visits)
	CES-D Score ≥ 23		P value^~	CES-D Score ≥ 23		P value^~	CES-D Score ≥ 23		P value^~
	n	%		n	%		n	%

Total	656	34.8	--	366	37.8	--	290	31.4	--

Socio-demographic characteristics
Age at study visit, mean (SD)			0.76			0.45			0.46
CES-D Score ≥ 23	32.4 (6.8)			34.6(6.3)				29.9(6.6)
CES-D Score < 23	32.5 (7.1)			35.0(6.7)			30.5(6.6)

Race/ethnicity			0.95			0.95			0.87
African American	279	35.1		143	38.0		136	32.5
Hispanic/Latino	218	32.7		133	35.6		85	28.9
Other	61	37.9		26	42.6		35	35.0
White	98	37.0		64	41.6		34	30.6

Unemployed			<.01			<.01			<.01
Yes	385	49.2		242	50.2		143	47.5
No	248	23.9		106	24.0		142	23.8

Unstable Housing, past 6 months^*			<.01			0.08			<.01
Yes	252	48.2		125	50.8		127	45.9
No	404	29.6		241	33.6		163	25.2

Substance use behaviors
Smoker, current (cigarettes)			<.01			0.03			<.01
Yes	266	49.3		152	46.9		114	52.8
No	325	29.1		172	33.5		153	25.3

Binge drinking, past 6 months			0.73			0.28			0.82
Yes	329	35.5		155	39.1		174	32.7
No	326	34.2		211	37.4		115	29.7

Substance use (mutually exclusive categories), past 6 months			<.01			<.01			<.01
Methamphetamine use	338	47.1		230	47.4		108	46.6
Other substance use (excluding methamphetamine)	204	30.6		78	34.4		126	28.6
No substance use	113	22.8		58	23.3		55	22.3

Specific drugs used, past 6 months
Cocaine			0.03			0.32			0.02
Yes	143	40.2		64	41.8		79	38.9
No	512	33.6		302	37.8		210	29.3

Ecstasy			0.05			0.09			0.20
Yes	104	40.6		57	45.6		47	35.9
No	551	33.9		309	37.0		242	30.7

Heroin			0.02			0.33			0.02
Yes	32	56.1		12	57.1		20	55.6
No	623	34.2		354	37.7		269	30.5

Marijuana			<.01			<.01			0.01
Yes	388	39.8		203	45.1		185	35.2
No	267	29.5		163	31.9		104	26.5

Methamphetamine			<.01			<.01			<.01
Yes	338	47.1		230	47.4		108	46.6
No	317	27.3		136	28.6		181	26.4

Poppers			<.01			<.01			0.71
Yes	253	41.8		167	49.4		86	32.2
No	402	31.5		199	31.9		203	31.1

Prescription drugs			0.01			0.02			0.18
Yes	115	45.6		62	54.9		53	38.1
No	540	33.2		304	35.6		236	30.3

Sexual behaviors
Gender of Sex Partners, past 6 months			0.07			0.50			0.04
Male only	598	34.0		354	37.8		244	29.7
Male and Female	58	45.0		12	44.4		46	45.1

New Sex Partner, past 6 months			0.01			0.03			0.08
Yes	461	37.4		246	42.3		215	33.0
No	195	29.8		120	31.4		75	27.6

Transgender Anal Sex Partner, past 6 months			0.01			0.22			<.01
Yes	66	49.3		22	56.4		44	46.3
No	590	33.7		344	37.2		246	29.7

Intimate Partner Violence, past 12 months^**			<.01			<.01			<.01
Yes	158	54.5		91	55.8		67	52.8
No	478	30.9		266	34.2		212	27.5

Concurrent Sexual Partnership, past 6 months			0.98			0.66			0.84
Yes	248	34.4		132	40.9		116	29.2
No	323	32.8		186	34.3		137	30.9

Received $/drugs/shelter for sex, past 3 months			<.01			<.01			<.01
Yes	172	57.5		99	62.7		73	51.8
No	449	29.7		252	32.6		197	26.6

Clinical and Laboratory Factors
HIV-serostatus			0.02
HIV-positive	366	37.8		--	--		--	--
HIV-negative	290	31.4		--	--		--	--

HIV-1 RNA ≤ 20 copies/mL^{^}						0.09
Yes	--	--		188	34.8		--	--
No	--	--		174	41.6		--	--

Any STI (Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, or Infectious Syphilis)			0.39			0.35			0.96
Yes	131	38.5		81	39.5		50	37.0
No	521	33.9		284	37.5		237	30.5

Prescription for Antidepressant^#			<.01			<.01			<.01
Yes	270	49.4		168	48.3		102	51.3
No	386	28.8		198	32.1		188	26.0

Abbreviations. SD=Standard Deviation; PrEP=Pre-exposure Prophylaxis

p value adjusts for the effect of the subject (i.e. multiple observations for the same participant)

Defined as not having a regular place to stay in the past 6 months

^**

Defined as being hit, kicked, or slapped by a lover, boyfriend/girlfriend when that person meant to hurt you physically

^{^}

Among HIV-positive participants

Includes prescription for antidepressants including SSRIs, SNRIs, and TCAs