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. 2020 Jan 24;11:518. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-14313-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a MHZ1 and its truncated/mutant versions used for phosphorylation analysis. H, G1, G2, and D indicate conserved residues or boxes. MBP indicates maltose-binding protein. b MHZ1 has histidine kinase activity. The radioactive band below the GST-MHZ1 indicates a degradation product. c Trans-phosphorylation between MHZ1 molecules. MBP-G1 has G588A and G590A mutations at G1 box. MBP-G2 has G618A and G620A mutations at G2 box. d MHZ1 can transfer its phosphoryl groups to OsAHP1 and OsAHP2 rather than OsPHP1 or OsPHP2. e Phosphorelay from MHZ1 to OsAHP1 and OsAHP2 was abolished when the conserved histidine was mutated in OsAHP1/2. f MHZ1 can transfer its phosphoryl groups to OsAHP1/2 and further to OsRR21. D68E mutation in OsRR21 disrupted its phosphoryl-accepting ability. g D824A mutation in MHZ1 receiver domain blocked its phosphorelay to OsAHP1/2, and OsRR26 cannot accept phosphoryl groups transferred from MHZ1 and OsAHP1/2. h Time course of the phosphorelay from MHZ1 to OsAHP1 (left panel) and further to OsRR21 (right panel). After the reaction in the left panel was finished, the OsRR21 was added and incubated for various times in the right panel. i MHZ1 but not its mutant versions rescued the ethylene-insensitive phenotype of mhz1 (mhz1-1) mutant. cDNAs of MHZ1 and its mutant versions MHZ1(G1), MHZ1(H375Q) and MHZ1(D824A), fusioned with a 3 × FLAG sequence, driven by MHZ1 native promoter, were transformed into the mhz1-1 to observe the root ethylene response. Total proteins of each line were immunoblotted for MHZ1-FLAG with anti-FLAG antibody. A non-specific band was used as a loading control. MHZ1 gene expression was examined by RT-PCR and Actin1 was amplified as control. Bar indicates 10 mm. j Ethylene response of Osahp1 Osahp2 double-mutant. Osahp1 Osahp2 double-mutant was segregated from the self-bred progenies of an Osahp1 (heterozygous)/Osahp2 (homozygous) plant. “ + ” indicates wild-type OsAHP1. k Ethylene response of OsRR21 mutants and overexpression lines (OE). For j and k, etiolated seedlings were treated with 10 ppm ethylene or air for 2.5 days. Bars indicate 10 mm. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.