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. 2020 Jan 24;11:512. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-14039-8

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Left: human SAN preparation and optical mapping field of view (OFV). Activation maps of Heart 228749 at control (middle) and during 100 nM TTX perfusion (right). Dot indicates the leading pacemaker inside the sinoatrial node (SAN); asterisk indicates the earliest atrial activation site (EAS); arrow indicates the sinoatrial conduction pathway (SACP). b TTX effects on sinus cycle length (SCL) and sinoatrial conduction time at sinus rhythm (SACTsr). c Locations of SAN leading pacemaker (dots), earliest atrial activation site, and sinoatrial conduction pathways at control (left, n = 10), during perfusion of 100 nM (middle, n = 8), and 1–3 µM TTX (right, n = 7). Data presented as mean ± SD. CT crista terminalis, n/cNav neuronal/cardiac sodium channels, OAP optical action potential, RA (A) right atrial (appendage), S/IVC superior/inferior vena cava, TTX tetrodotoxin. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.