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. 2020 Jan 24;11:512. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-14039-8

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Optical action potentials (OAPs) show regular sinus rhythm and sinoatrial conduciton after 3.3 Hz atrial pacing at control. b OAPs show irregular sinus rhythm, atrial pause, and arrhythmia after 3.3 Hz atrial pacing during 1 µM TTX perfusion. c SAN activation and conduction pattern revealed by high-resolution optical mapping could explain the mechanism underlying the post-pacing reentrant arrhythmia during cardiac Nav blockade by 1 µM TTX. Top, schematic of the SAN pacemaker complex representing activation pattern for 9 post-pacing beats. Bottom, SAN activation maps and corresponding histology sections show locations of micro-reentry and macro-reentrant pathways within the SAN complex stucture. Colored dots indicate positions of sinoatrial (SAN) OAPs presented in b. Orange arrows show the conduction direction within the SAN and green arrows indicate conduction outside the SAN; asterisk indicates the earliest atrial activation site. IAS interatrial septum, RA(A) right atrial (appendage), S/IVC superior/inferior vena cava, SAN sinoatrial node, TTX tetrodotoxin.