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. 2020 Jan 24;11:513. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-14258-z

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Experimental schematic of the exGF model: Germ-free (GF) mice were colonized with microbiota beginning at day 21 by co-housing with SPF mice for 3 weeks. b Volcano plots showing log2 fold-change of total colon gene expression in SPF mice compared with exGF or GF mice. Genes that were significantly decreased in exGF or GF compared with SPF colons are highlighted on red, while those increased in exGF or GF are highlighted in blue. c qPCR analysis of Erdr1 using whole small and large intestinal tissue from SPF, exGF, and GF mice. n = 2 (duodenum/jejunum/ileum from exGF), n = 4 (duodenum/jejunum/ileum from SPF and GF, colon). d ChIP analysis for histone H3 acetylation (H3Ac) in the Erdr1 promoter region using total colon tissue. n = 4; two independent experiments. All data are presented as mean ± SD; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test.