Table 1.
Micro and nanocomposites performed by AM medical implants.
| Year | Implant | Materials | Micro/Nano | AM Method | Outcome Summary |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Microsized Materials | |||||
| 2000 [124] |
Proposed for bone and dental | Titanium powder 200 μm and 60 μm | Micro | SLM | Fabricated dental crowns and bones with high strength and density |
| 2003 [125] |
Bone | PMMA | Micro | Proposed | Proposed the cost reduction Cranioplasty implants fabricated from AM using CT scanning image |
| 2007 [126,127] |
Bone | HA powder 2.78 μm | Micro | 3DP Ink jet | Extensive bone ingrowth formation in 3D printed HA scaffolds |
| Bone | Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) | Micro | SLM | Scaffolds are biocompatible, and pore width influences pore overgrowth, resistance to compressive force, and porosity. | |
| 2010 [128] |
Tibial Knee stems, hip stems and intermedullary rods | Titanium alloys (Ti-6Al-4V) 100 μm | Micro | EBM | The array of cellular, reticular mesh manufactured in monolithic form has potential for unique bone compatibility |
| 2012 [129] |
Facial bone (orbital area) | Titanium (Ti64 Al4V-ELI) 30 μm | Micro | DMLS | The method enables exact fitting of implants, designed with low mass and therefore sensitive to hot and cold temperature |
| 2013 [89] |
Skull bone | polymer | Micro | SLS & Poly Jet | Fabricated skulls using Poly Jet and SLS, the accuracy of Poly Jet was higher than SLS or 3DP using novel measuring technique |
| 2014 [130] |
Bone (Cranial head) | Titanium (Ti64 ELI) | Micro | DMLS | Protocol developed and created an anatomic bio model of the bone defect for surgical planning and, finally, the design and manufacture of the patient-specific implant. |
| Nanosized Materials | |||||
| 2008 [131] |
Proposed for bone and dental | Titania nanotube | Nano | Proposed | Silver-treated Titania nanotube surface provides antibacterial properties to prevent implants against postoperative infections |
| 2009 [132] |
Endoscopic transplantation (oral muscular cells) | Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PIPPAm) | Nano | EBM | Nanoscale thermo responsive surface to untimely reconstruct multifunctional three-dimensional tissues in vitro to regenerate a defective tissue |
| 2015 [133] |
Proposed for bone and dental | HA 100nm | Nano | Proposed | Synthesized HAp exhibits excellent biocompatibility, |
| 2016 [134] |
Bone grafting (Hip/Knee) | AgNPs- coated Ti6Al4V | Nano coating | EBM | Higher surface energy is observed for AgNPs-coated Ti6Al4V surfaces (70.17 mN/m) compared with uncoated ones (49.07 mN/m). |
| 2017 [135] |
Bone | AgNPs- coated Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) | Nano coating | SLM | Antimicrobial assays consistently showed strong antimicrobial activity of the developed implants against MRSA including released activity, surface antimicrobial activity and prevention of biofilm formation. |
| 2018 [136] |
orthopedic | Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) | Nano | Proposed | AgNP release, exploration of suitable size, shape, as well as the novel method of surface modification, such as 3DP technology |