Figure 2.

Overview of the possible combination strategies of BTKi with T-cell direct immunotherapy. As shown on the right, by targeting BTK, Ibrutinib inhibits B-cell activation, proliferation, survival pathways and the expression of immunoregulatory molecules such as PD-L1 and IL-10. In T cells, ibrutinib improves their function. The combination of ibrutinib with T-cell directed immunotherapeutic strategies such as (1) PD-1/PD-L1 blockade by antibodies; (2) immunomodulatory agents such as lenalidomide; (3) CAR-T cells or (4) BsAb is a promising treatment approach for CLL.