Figure 2.

Schematic summary of how various plant-derived phenolic compounds target signalling pathways on various cell types and tissues in type 2 diabetes mellitus. ROS—reactive oxygen species; ATP—Adenosine triphosphate; Glut2—glucose transporter 2; Glut4—glucose transporter 4; Sirt1—Sirtuin 1; Pdx-1—pancreas and duodenal homeobox 1; IRS1—insulin receptor substrate 1; TNF-α—tumour necrosis factor alpha; ADP—Adenosine diphosphate; ES—endoplasmic reticulum stress; AKT—Protein kinase B; PI3K—Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PEPCK—Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; G6Pase—Glucose-6-phosphatase; PcK1—Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1; PPARγ—peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; FABP4—fatty acid binding protein 4; IL-1β—Interleukin 1β; NF-kB—Nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells; MAPK—mitogen activated protein kinase; ICAM1—intracellular adhesion molecules-1; C3G—Cyanidin 3-glucoside; EGCG—Epigallocatechin gallate; black arrows: ↑—increased gene expression and ↓—decreased gene expression); orange arrow—decreased insulin secretion under hyperglycaemic condition; short green arrow—increased insulin secretion after polyphenols treatment; long green arrows—different polyphenol extracts and phenolic compounds targeting various pathways.