6PGD	6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
ACC2	Acetyl CoA carboxylase 2
ACO	acyl-CoA oxidase
ADP	Adenosine diphosphate
Akt	Protein kinase B
AMPK	Adenine monophosphate activated protein kinase
ATP	Adenosine triphosphate
BIP	Binding immunoglobulin protein
C3G	Cyanidin 3-glucoside
CAD	Caspase-activated DNase
CAMFs	Methanolic fraction of C. anthelminticum seeds
CaMKK	Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase
cAMP	Cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate
CAT	Catalase
Cdkn1a	Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A
cDNA	Complementary deoxyribonucleic acid
CHOP	C/EBP-homologous protein
COX-2	cyclooxygenase-2
CPT-1	carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1
Dnajb9	DnaJ homolog subfamily B member 9
DPP-4	Dipeptidyl-peptidase-4
EGCG	Epigallocatechin gallate
eIF2α	Inositol-requiring kinase 2α
ENOS	Endothelial nitric oxide synthase
ER	Endoplasmic reticulum
ERdj4	ER resident DNAJ 4
FABP4	fatty acid binding protein 4
FADH	Flavin adenine dinucleotide
Fbp	Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
FBS	Fetal bovine serum
FFAs	Free fatty acids
FFP	Fermented food paste
FOXO1	Forkhead box O1
FRB	Fermented rice bran
G6Pase	Glucose-6-phosphatase
GABPA	GA binding protein transcription factor alpha subunit
Glut2	Glucose transporter 2
Glut4	Glucose transporter 4
Gpx	Glutathione Peroxidase
GRP78	78-kDa glucose-regulated protein
GSH	Glutathione
GSIS	Glucose stimulated insulin secretion
HDACs	histone deacetylases
Hmox1	hemeoxygenase 1
ICAM1	intracellular adhesion molecules-1
IGFR	Insulin-like growth factor receptor
IL-1β	Interleukin 1β
IL-6	Interleukin 6
iNOS	Inducible nitric oxide synthase
Ins1	Insulin 1
IR-β	Insulin receptor β
IRS2	Insulin receptor substrates 2
JAK/STAT	Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription
JNK	c-Jun N-kinase
LPH	Lactase phloridzin hydrolase
LXRα	Liver X receptor alpha
Mafa	MAF BZIP Transcription Factor A
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinase
MEF2a	Myocyte enhance factor 2A
NADH	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NADPH	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NF-kB	Nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells
Ngn3	Neorog-3
NO	Nitric oxide
Nqo1	NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1
Nrf2	Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
p22phox	Neutrophil cytochrome b 22 kDa polypeptide
P3G	Peonidin 3-glucoside
pAkt	Phosphorylated protein kinase A
PARP	Poly ADP-ribose polymerase
Pck	Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
Pck1	Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1
Pde	Phosphodiesterase
Pdx-1	Pancreatic andduodenal homeobox 1
PEPCK	Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
PERK	Protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase
PFK	Phosphofructokinase
PI3K	Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
pIRS-1	Phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate 1
PKA	Protein kinase A
PPAR	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
RNA	Ribonucleic acid
RNS	Reactive nitrogen species
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
RTK	Receptor tyrosine kinases
Sirt1	Sirtuin 1
Socs3	Suppressor of cytokine signalling 3
SOD2	Superoxide dismutase 2
SREBP-1c	sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c
T2DM	Type 2 diabetes mellitus
TCA	Tricarboxylic acid
Tfam	Mitochondrial transcription factor A
TGFβ1	Transforming growth factor-β1
TNF-α	Tumour necrosis factor alpha
Tnfsf	Tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily
TXNIP	Thioredoxin interacting protein
UPR	Unfolded protein response
Xbp1s	X box binding protein 1