Table 2.
Polyphenols and gene modulations on β-cell function pathways.
| Polyphenols/Conc. | Genes Affected | Function | Pathways | Cells/Tissue Type | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In vitro models | |||||
| Resveratrol (25 µm) | ↑ SIRT1, ↑ Glut2, ↑ GK, ↑ Pdx-1, ↑ Hnf-1α, ↑ Tfam | ↑ Insulin biogenesis | Mitochondrial | Cells-INS-1E | [9] |
| Resveratrol (0.1 µM) and curcumin (1 PMOL/l) | ↑ cAMP ↓ PDE ↓ Pde3b, ↓ Pde8a, ↓ Pde10a |
↑ insulin secretion | cAMP, Insulin secretion | Cells-β-Min6, HP62 | [72] |
| Cocoa catchechins (25 µg/mL) | ↑ Hmox1, ↑ Nqo1, ↑ Nrf1, ↑ GABPA, | ↑ Mitochondrial electron complexes | Electron transport chain | Cells-INS-1 832/13 | [76] |
| Tyrosol (25,50 µM/mL) | ↓ GRP78, ↓ PERK, ↓ eIFα, ↓ CHOP↓ XBP-1, ↓ p-JNK | ↓ Apoptosis, ↑ β-cells survival | JNK | Cells-NIT-1, | [77] |
| Jojoba seed extracts (150 µg/mL) | ↑ Nfr2, ↓ p22phox, ↓ Casp-3, ↑ SOD & CAT | ↓ ROS/OS | Mitochondrial | Cells-RINm5f | [78] |
| γ-Oryzanol (0.2 or 2.0 µg/mL) | ↓ Dnajb9, ↓ Xbp1s, ↓ Chop, ↓ Casp3, ↓ CAD | ↑ β-cell function, ↓ ER stress | ER Stress | Cells-MIN6 | [79] |
| Epigallocatechin gallate (1–10 µM) | ↑ Pdx-1, ↑ FOXO1 ↑ pAkt | ↑ Β-cell function, ↑ insulin secretion | pAkt/Pdx-1 | Cells-RIN-m5F | [80] |
| Centratherum anthelminticum seeds (6.25–50 µg/mL) | ↑ Glut2, | ↑ β-cell function | Insulin secretion | Cells-β-TC6, | [81] |
| In vivo model | |||||
| γ-Oryzanol (320 µg/g BW) | ↓ Dnajb9, ↓ Xbp1s, ↓ Chop, ↓ Casp3, ↓ CAD | ↑ β-cell function, ↓ ER stress | ER Stress | Pancreaticisliets-C57BL/6J mice, | [79] |
SIRT1—Sirtuin 1; Glut2—glucose transporter 2; GK—glucokinase; Pdx-1—pancreatic and duodenal homebox 1; Hnf-1α—hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha; Tfam—mitochondrial transcription factor A; cAMP—Cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate; PDE—Phosphodiesterase; Hmox1—hemeoxygenase 1; Nqo1—NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1; Nrf1/Nrf2—Nuclear respiratory factor 1 and 2; GABPA—GA binding protein transcription factor alpha subunit; GRP78—78-kDa glucose-regulated protein; PERK—Protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase; eIFα—Inositol-requiring kinase alpha; CHOP—C/EBP-homologous protein; XBP-1—X box binding protein 1; p-JNK—Phosphorylated c-Jun N-kinase; p22phox—Neutrophil cytochrome b 22 kDa polypeptide; SOD—Super oxide dismutase; CAT—Catalase; Dnajb9—DnaJ homolog subfamily B member 9; Casp-3—Caspase 3; CAD—Caspase-activated DNase; FOXO1—Forkhead box O1; pAkt—Phosphorylated protein kinase A; ↑—increased gene expression; ↓—decreased gene expression.