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Schematic diagram for current routes of delivery of nanoparticles (NPs). (A) Delivery of NPs via implantation (NP-loaded implants such as smart radiotherapy biomaterials (SRBs), e.g., GNP-loaded spacer of length 5 mm and diameter 0.8 mm, similar to current spacers used in RT); (B) Delivery of NPs via inhalation (e.g., lung cancer); (C) Delivery of NPs via systemic injection (e.g., lung cancer); and (D) Delivery of NPs via intratumoral injection (e.g., lung cancer).
