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Illustration of passive and active targeting of nanoparticles (NPs) for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of anticancer drugs (obtained permission from Weihong Tan, via email correspondence, reference [53]); (A) Passive targeting of NPs taking advantage of the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, and (B) Active targeting of NPs attached with ligands to enhance accumulation and cellular uptake of NPs via receptor-facilitated endocytosis [53].
