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Schematic diagram of current smart radiotherapy biomaterials; (A) Coated solid spacer of length H and radius R, fabricated spacers from polymer–nanoparticles mixture/gel; (B) Uncoated spacer of length H, inner radius a, (i.e., conventional inert spacer coated with NPs), and outer radius b; (C) Hollow spacers of length H, outer radius Ro, length of inner hollow area L, and inner radius Ri, loaded with NPs/anticancer agents.
