Table 1.
The epigenetic changes found in patients with T1DM: DNA methylation.
| Publication | Specific Target | Type of Cells | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| (1st Author + Year) | |||
| Rakyan, 2011 [25] | genome-wide profile | CD14+ monocytes | ↓ HLA-DQB1, RFXAP |
| (MZ twins) | NFKB1, AGAD2 | ||
| Stefan, 2014 [26] | genome-wide profile | B cell lines | ↑ HLA-DOB + HLA-DQA2 |
| (MZ twins) | |||
| Elboudwarej, 2016 [27] | genome-wide profile | peripheral blood | global hypomethylation |
| (MZ twins) | |||
| Paul, 2016 [28] | genome-wide profile | CD4+ T cells | long time stable variabilities |
| (MZ twins) | CD19+ B cells | in regulatory regions | |
| CD14+ monocytes | |||
| Disanto, 2013 [29] | genome-wide profile | CD14+ monocytes | association with severity |
| (MZ quadruplet) | CD4+ T cells | of disease | |
| Čepek, 2016 [31] | HLA-DQA1 gene | peripheral blood | no differences between |
| CD14+ monocytes | patients versus healthies | ||
| Li, 2011 [32] | genome-wide profile | CD4+ T cells | ↑ FOXP3 |
| Fradin, 2012 [34] | INS gene promoter | leucocytes | 4 CpG variabilities (3↓ + 1↑) |
| Belot, 2013 [40] | IL2RA gene promoter | peripheral blood | 2 CpG variabilities (both ↑) |
↓ Decrease of DNA methylation (hypomethylation). ↑ Increase of DNA methylation (hypermethylation).