Table 1.
Participants’ metabolic, anthropometric, and hemodynamic profile, with and without metabolic syndrome or pre-metabolic syndrome.
| Variables | Total (n = 92) |
No Pre-MetS or MetS (n = 56) | Pre-MetS or MetS (n = 36) | p Value | ES |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) * | 16.0 (14.0–18.0) | 16.0 (14.0–18.0) | 16.0 (14.0–18.0) | 0.287 | 0.11 |
| Weight (kg) * | 61.3 (39.1–105) | 60.6 (39.1–84.1) | 65.1 (48.8–105) | 0.004 † | 0.30 |
| Height (m) | 1.74 (±0.06) | 1.73 (±0.06) | 1.75 (±0.06) | 0.214 | 0.33 |
| BMI (kg/m2) * | 20.5 (15.1–33.9) | 20.2 (15.1–25.1) | 21.2 (16.8–33.9) | 0.021 † | 0.24 |
| WHtR * | 0.4 (0.36–0.56) | 0.4 (0.36–0.5) | 0.41 (0.36–0.56) | 0.139 | 0.15 |
| BF%* | 13.4 (7.2–41.4) | 13.5 (7.9–26.6) | 12.5 (7.2–41.4) | 0.914 | 0.01 |
| MWC (cm) * | 72.1 (63.0–99.4) | 71.7 (63.0–86.8) | 74.7 (64.5–99.4) | 0.030 † | 0.23 |
| SWC (cm) * | 71.4 (61.4–97.1) | 70.9 (61.4–84.0) | 73.0 (63.6–97.1) | 0.025 † | 0.23 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 111.6 (±10.8) | 109.1 (±10.2) | 115.5 (±10.7) | 0.005 † | 0.61 |
| DBP(mmHg) | 72.5 (±7.7) | 70.5 (±7.3) | 75.6 (±7.3) | 0.002 † | 0.70 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 42.9 (±8.6) | 45.8 (±8.9) | 38.3 (±5.9) | 0.000 ‡ | 1.00 |
| TG (mg/dL) * | 85 (36–288) | 75.5 (36–110) | 111 (65–288) | 0.000 ‡ | 0.64 |
| FG (mg/dL) | 77.8 (±7.5) | 77.1 (±7.1) | 78.9 (±8.0) | 0.248 | 0.25 |
| Insulin (mU/L) * | 4.8 (1.4–28.5) | 4.4 (1.4–21.0) | 6.09 (1.9–28.5) | 0.049 † | 0.21 |
| HOMA-IR * | 0.98 (0.27–5.44) | 0.85 (0.27–4.58) | 1.13 (0.36–5.44) | 0.045 † | 0.21 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 159.6 (±23.6) | 155.4 (±22.8) | 166.2 (±23.5) | 0.031 † | 0.47 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 97.6 (±19.4) | 94.4 (±18.3) | 102.6 (±20.4) | 0.048 † | 0.42 |
| Non-HDL | 116.7 (±22.6) | 109.5 (±19.4) | 127.8 (±23.1) | 0.000 ‡ | 0.86 |
†p < 0.05; ‡ p < 0.001. Note: BMI = body mass index; WHtR = waist-to-height ratio; BF% = body fat %; MWC = midpoint waist circumference; SWC = smallest waist circumference; SBP = systolic blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; TG = triglycerides; FG = fasting glucose; HOMA-IR = Homeostatic Model Assessment; TC = total cholesterol; LDL = low density lipoprotein; Non-HDL = not HDL cholesterol; MetS = metabolic syndrome; ES = effect size. * Variables expressed as median (minimum and maximum); other variables: average (± standard deviation).