Table 4.
Unadjusted and Adjusted Regression Analyses on Symptom Profiles by Recovery Group.
| Symptom Profile | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Vestibular | Ocular | Cognitive/Fatigue | Migraine | Anxiety c |
| β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |
| Unadjusted analysis | |||||
| Prolonged vs. typical recovery | 1.98 (1.69, 2.28) ** | 2.22 (1.90, 2.55) ** | 3.69 (3.21, 4.16) ** | 0.37 (0.28, 0.46) ** | 0.37 (0.29, 0.46) ** |
| Adjusted analysis a,b | |||||
| Prolonged vs. typical recovery | 0.49 (0.33, 0.65) ** | 0.50 (0.30, 0.70) ** | 0.78 (0.53, 1.03) ** | 0.08 (0.03, 0.13) ** | 0.08 (0.05, 0.10) ** |
| Age, y | 0.01 (−0.03, 0.04) | −0.05 (−0.10, 0.00) | −0.02 (−0.08, 0.05) | −0.02 (−0.03, 0.00) * | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.01) |
| Sex (female vs. male) | 0.08 (−0.07, 0.23) | 0.29 (0.09, 0.48) ** | 0.22 (−0.03, 0.47) | 0.11 (0.06, 0.16) ** | 0.03 (0.01, 0.06) ** |
| Number of symptoms | 0.61 (0.60, 0.63) ** | 0.67 (0.65, 0.69) ** | 1.12 (1.09, 1.14) ** | 0.13 (0.13, 0.14) ** | 0.09 (0.88, 0.93) ** |
| Prior concussion | −0.01 (−0.16, 0.15) | 0.02 (−0.18, 0.21) | 0.02 (−0.23, 0.27) | −0.02 (−0.07, 0.03) | 0.00 (−0.03, 0.03) |
| History of learning disorder | 0.04 (−0.17, 0.26) | 0.03 (−0.25, 0.30) | 0.22 (−0.12, 0.57) | 0.01 (−0.06, 0.09) | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) |
| Retrograde amnesia | 1.04 (0.84, 1.24) ** | 1.02 (0.77, 1.27) ** | 1.43 (1.11, 1.75) ** | 0.11 (0.04, 0.17) ** | 0.14 (0.11, 0.17) ** |
| Anterograde amnesia | 0.82 (0.61, 1.02) ** | 0.66 (0.40, 0.92) ** | 1.10 (0.77, 1.43) ** | 0.03 (−0.04, 0.09) | 0.10 (0.07, 0.13) ** |
| Neck pain | 0.19 (0.03, 0.35) * | 0.36 (0.16, 0.57) ** | 0.23 (−0.02, 0.49) | 0.06 (0.01, 0.11) * | 0.05 (0.02, 0.07) ** |
Note. * p < 0.01; ** p < 0.001. a: The analyses were adjusted for patient characteristics (e.g., sex, age), total number of symptoms at injury, variables showing statistical significance in the binary analysis (e.g., history of prior concussion, history of learning disorder, retrograde amnesia, anterograde amnesia, and neck pain), and other symptom profiles. b: Due to the collinearity caused by the high correlations between symptom profiles, we first regressed each symptom profile of interest against the other four symptom profiles and then included and adjusted the residual in the multiple regression model when examining differences between the prolonged vs. typical recovery groups. c: A log transformation was performed on the anxiety symptom profile to deal with the skewed distribution of the variable and to stabilize the variability of residuals from the regression models.