AA	ascorbic acid
Ash1l	absent, small, or homeotic disc1 like
Ash1l	alkaline phosphatase
AMPK	adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
βGP	β-glycerophosphate
BMD	bone mineral density
BMP	bone morphogenic protein
BMSCs	bone marrow stromal cells
CEBPB	CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta
C/EBPα	core binding factor α1
DLX5	distal-less Homeobox 5
DDR	DNA damage response
DNMT	DNA methyltransferase
EBF-1	early B cell factor
EZH2	enhancer of zeste homology 2
Ezh2-H3k27me3	enhancer of zeste homolog2-tri-methylation of histone H3 at Lys 27
FGFs	fibroblast growth factors Foxa1
FOX	forkhead transcription factor
FZD	7-transmembrane domain-spanning Frizzled receptor
GATA2	GATA-binding factor 2
HDACs	histone deacetylases
HOXA-AS2	HOXA Cluster Antisense RNA 2
HIF1	Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1
IBMX	isobutylmethylxanthine
IGF-I	insulin-like growth factor-I
JAK	janus kinase
LRP5/6	lipoprotein receptors-related protein 5/6
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase
miRNA	microRNA
Nampt	nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase
NF-κB	nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
NELL-1	neural epidermal growth factor-like (NEL)-like protein 1
NRF2	nuclear factor Erythroid 2-related factor 2
ObI-1	osteoblast inducer 1
OC	osteocalcin
OG	orcinol glucoside
PcG	Polycomb group
PPARγ	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma
Rb	retinoblastoma
ROS	reactive oxygen species
Runx2	runt-related transcription factor 2
SAMP6	senescence accelerated mouse prone 6
SASP	senescence-associated secretory phenotype
SIRT1	silent information regulator 1
Sox2	sex determining region Y-box 2
TGF-β	transforming growth factor-β TGF-β
TMP	tetramethylpyrazine
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-α
Twist	twist-related protein
Wnt	wingless-type MMTV integration site
Xist	X-inactive specific transcript
YAP	yes-associated protein 1