HiPSC liver organoids attached to the immunodeficient rat liver via portal vein injection. (A) HiPSC liver organoid in the micropattern plate after 1, 4, 8, and 12 days of incubation (bright field). Scale bars: 100 μm. (B) Human albumin was detected in the supernatant of hiPSC liver organoids (one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05 vs. day 8 hiPSC liver organoid). (C) Histopathological examination of hiPSC liver organoid transplanted rat liver 14 days post-transplantation. Reconstituted human liver tissue expressing human vimentin, human CK8/18, human albumin, human CD31, human CK19, and human and rat CK19. Scale bars: 100 μm. (D) Human albumin was detected in the rat serum 14 days post-transplantation. A total of 3 × 103 liver organoids after 1, 4, 8, and 12 days of incubation were transplanted (one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction, * p < 0.01 vs. day 1; # p < 0.01 vs. day 8).