Table 1.

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the minerals (selenium and phosphate) and vitamins detailed in this study, with evaluation of the pathways involved. Decreased (↓) or increased (↑).

	Anti-Inflammatory Activity	Antioxidant Activity	Experimental Model and References
↑Magnesium	↓CRP		Human study; [84]
↑Selenium		↑GSH-Px ↓ROS	Human study; [87]
↓ Phosphate	↓FGF23 ↓PTH		Human study; [90,92,123,124]
↑ Vitamin C	↑hydroxylase/monooxygenase co-factor	↓MDA ↓tissue lipid oxidation ↑tissue GSH ↑Co-antioxidant vit.E ↓ROS	Human study; [98] Animal model; [99]
↑ Vitamin E	↓8-OHdG	↓lipid peroxidation ↓NADPH activity ↓inflammatory mediators	Cellular and animal model; [101] Animal model; [102] Human study; [108]
↑ Vitamin D	↓NF-kB signling pathway ↓RAAS ↓TGF-β/Smad ↓Wnt/β-catenin		Animal model; [114] Cellular and animal model; [115] Animal model; [116] Cellular and animal model; [117]
↑ Vitamin A	↓TLR4/NF-kB signling pathway		Animal model; [118]
↑ Vitamin B1		↓plasma lactate levels	Human study; [119]

8-OHdG, 8-hydroxy-2′ -deoxyguanosine; FGF 23, Fibroblast growth factor 23; GSH-Px, Glutathione peroxidase; MDA, Malondialdehyde; NADPH, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; PTH, Parathyroid Hormone; RAAS, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; TGF-β/Smad, Transforming growth factor-β/Smad; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4; Vit. E, Vitamin E.