Table 2.

The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the described plant-derived metabolites, with evaluation of the involved pathways which can result decreased (↓) or increased (↑).

	Anti-Inflammatory Activity	Antioxidant Activity	Experimental Model and References
Quercetin	↓FGF23 ↓PTH	↓LDH ↓SOD	Animal model; [130]
Curcumin	↓VEGF ↓TGF-β ↓CTGF ↓fibronectin and collagen IV ↓iNOS and ↓COX-2 ↓TNF-α ↓MCP-1 ↓JNK/NF-κB ↓NLRP3	↓NO and ↓ONOO− ↓O2− and ↓H2O2 ↑SOD ↑CAT ↑GSR ↑HO-1 ↑GST ↑NQO1 ↑GCL	Animal model; [131,132] Cellular model; [133,134,135,136,137] Animal model; [138,139,140,141]
Resveratrol	↓NF-κB ↓pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes	↑Nrf2 ↑antioxidant enzymes	Human study; [143,145] Animal model; [146,147,148]
Cordycepin	↓NF-κB ↓TNF-α ↓IL-6 ↓IL-1β ↓TGF-β1/Smad		Animal model; [153] Cellular model; [154] Human study and cellular model; [155]
Flavonoids of C. tinctoria	↓NF-κB signling pathway ↓COX-2 ↓MCP-1 and ↓collagen IV ↓AMPK ↓TGF-β/Smad		Animal model; [158,160] Cellular model; [161]
Flavonoids and polyphenols of P. niruri		↑SOD ↑CAT ↑GPx	Animal model; [164]
Allicin		↓AT1R ↓Keap1 ↓eNOS ↑Nrf2 ↑SOD ↑CAT ↑GPx	Animal model; [167,168]
Ursolic acid	↓IL-6 ↓NF-κB ↓p-STAT3 ↓C/EBP-δ		Human study and animal model; [170] Animal model; [172] Cellular and animal model; [173]
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate	↓NF-κB ↓NLRP3 ↓caspase-1 ↓IL-1β and IL-18 ↓p-Akt ↓p-JNK ↓p-ERK1/2 ↓p-P38 ↑PPARγ and ↑SIRT1 ↓MCP-1 ↓TGF-β	↑Nrf2 ↑GPx ↑HO-1 ↓AGE and lipid peroxidation ↓ROS	Cellular model; [176] Animal model; [177,178,179,180,181,182]

AGE, advanced glycation end-product; AMPK, 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase; AT1R, angiotensin II receptor type 1; C/EBP-δ, CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins-δ; CAT, catalase; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; FGF 23, fibroblast growth factor 23; GCL, glutamate-cysteine ligase; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GSR, glutathione-disulfide reductase; GST, glutathione S-transferase; H₂O₂, hydrogen peroxide; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; IL-18, interleukin 18; IL-1β, interleukin 1β; IL-6, interleukin 6; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinases; KEAP1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; LHD, lactate dehydrogenase; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; NLRP3, NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3; NO, nitric oxide; NQO1, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; O₂⁻, superoxide; ONOO⁻, peroxynitrite; p-Akb, phospho protein kinase B; p-ERK, phospho extracellular signal-related kinase; p-P38, phospho mitogen-activated protein kinases; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ; p-STAT 3, phospho signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; PTH, parathyroid hormone; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SIRT-1, sirtuin 1; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; VEFG, vascular-endothelial growth factor.