Table 1.
List of studies investigating embolism and non-structural carbohydrate dynamics under drought/frost and post-drought/frost recovery.
| Species | Type of Sample | Embolism Induction | Rehydration Type | PLC before Recovery | NSC at Peak Embolism | NSC at Drought Relief | Recovery Duration | Hydraulic Recovery | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fagus sylvatica | Pot | SD | SR | 85% | St decrease, SS increase in W and B | St increase, SS decrease in W and B | One week | No | [18] |
| Fraxinus ornus | Pot | SD | SR | 76% | SS and Tot depleted only in B | Not changed | One day | Yes | [119] |
| 78% | St and Tot depleted in B and W | Not changed | No | ||||||
| Hibiscus glaber | Field | SD | SR | 70% | SS increase and St decrease | SS decrease and St increase | One week | Yes | [93] |
| Ligustrum micranthum | 40% | SS increase and St decrease | Not changed | One week | Yes | ||||
| Populus tremula x alba | Pot | SD | SR | 80% |
SS increase in xylem sap St decrease, Glu increase in W |
SS decrease in xylem sap Glu decrease in W |
One week | Yes | [64] |
| Laurus nobilis | Pot | SD | SR | 23% | Not changed | Not changed | One day | Yes | [103] |
| 34% | Not changed | Not changed | One day | Yes | |||||
| One week | Yes | ||||||||
| Arbutus unedo | CB | BD | B/L WU | ~50% | N.A. | St and SS decrease | One hour | Yes | [120] |
| Ceratonia siliqua | St increase, SS decrease | Yes | |||||||
| Cercis siliquastrum | St and SS decrease | Yes | |||||||
| Eucalyptus camaldulensis | St increase, SS decrease | No | |||||||
| Laurus nobilis | St increase, SS decrease | Yes | |||||||
| Morus alba | St increase, SS decrease | Yes | |||||||
| Myrtus communis | St increase, SS decrease | Yes | |||||||
| Nerium oleander | St decrease, SS increase | No | |||||||
| Olea europea | St and SS decrease | Yes | |||||||
| Phillyrea latifolia | St and SS increase | No | |||||||
| Pistacia lentiscus | St and SS increase | No | |||||||
| Quercus ilex | St and SS not changed | Yes | |||||||
| Salix matsudana | CB | BD | B/L WU | NA | N.A. | SS increase, St decrease in B and W | 6 hours | Yes | [101] |
| Quercus pubescens | Pot | SD | SR | 73% | Increase in SS St not changed |
N.A. | 5 days | Yes | [121] |
| Prunus mahleb | SD | SR | 30% |
SS not changed Increase in St |
N.A. | No | |||
| Robinia pseudoacacia | SD | SR | 68% | Decrease in St and SS | N.A. | No | |||
| Ailanthus altissima | SD | SR | 62% | Decrease in St and SS | N.A. | Yes | |||
| Malus domestica var. Golden delicious | Field | FT + FD | SR | 70% | St not changed in W and B | St decrease in W and B, more pronounced in W | 1 to 3 months | Yes | [122] |
| Malus domestica (4 cultivars) | Field | FT + FD | SR | 20–80% | N.A. | St increase in W and B | Several weeks | Yes | [123] |
| Picea abies | Field | FT + FD | B/L WU | 43% |
SS not changed Very low, constant St in W and B |
St increase in phloem and needles SS not changed Very low St in W |
1 month | Yes | [50] |
| SD | SR | 30% | St increase in phloem | St decrease in phloem | 3 months | Yes | |||
| Picea abies | Pot | SD | SR | 20% |
St depletion in B Tot not changed in B and W |
30% depletion of Tot in W | One week | Yes | [8] |
| Pinus mugo | Field | FT + FD | B/L WU | 40% | St and SS not changed |
St increase only in phloem and needles SS not changed |
One month | Yes | [124] |
Pot = pot experiment; Field = field experiment; CB = cut branches; SD = soil drought; FT = freeze-thaw; FD = frost drought; BD = bench dehydration; B/L WU = bark/leaf water uptake; SR, soil rehydration; St = starch; SS = soluble sugars; Glu = glucose; Tot = total NSC; B = bark; W = wood; BT = bulk tissue; N.A. = not available data.