Anti-obesity mechanisms of action described in in vitro studies (* ex vivo). ACC: acetyl-CoA carboxylase, AP2: fatty acid binding protein, C/EBP: CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein, CPT1: carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, CREB: cAMP regulatory element-binding protein; DGAT-1: diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase, FABP4: fatty acid-binding protein 4, FAS: fatty acid synthase, LPAATβ: lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase β, PGC-1α: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1α, PRDM16: PR domain-containing 16, PPARγ: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ, SREBP1c: sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c. ↑ significant increase, ↓: significant decrease.