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VIP and its receptors as biomarkers in rheumatic diseases. The scheme shows the current advances on the role of the VIP axis and VPAC receptors as biomarkers in spondyloarthritis (SpA), osteoarthritis (OA), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). ↑Higher. ↓Lower. Purple arrows: association of VIP levels; green arrow: association of VPAC1 expression; red arrow: VPAC2 expression; blue arrow: clinical utility of SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) in VIP gene.
