Table 1.

Representative references showing various mechanisms and functions of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions (EMI) in organogenesis and tumorigenesis (shown by blue color). Hormonal signal has been also reported as locally produced and their actions are cited in the table. Representative EMI processes include hedgehog ligands, interacting growth factor (BMP: bone morphogenetic protein)-Bmp receptor, local hormones (steroidogenesis) and basement membrane (BM). Yellow colored columns represent works showing the crosstalks for hedgehog (Hh)/Bmp and Hh-steroidogenesis. Two papers are marked with parentheses for the roles of BM in EMI.

		Prostate Cancer Progression	Exg Organogenesis
Epithelial–Mesenchymal Interaction (EMI)	Hedgehog Signaling
	Ligands	Shh (Sonic hedgehog) Fan et al., 2004, Endocrinology [35] Wilkinson et al., 2013, Prostate [36] Nishimori et al., 2012, J Biol Chem [37]	Shh Haraguchi et al., 2001, Development [19] Haraguchi et al., 2007, Development [22]
	Mediators	Gli Sanchez et al., 2004, PNAS [38] Chen et al., 2010, Mol cancer [39]	Gli Miyagawa et al., 2011, Endocrinology [40] He et al., 2016, PLoS One [16]
	Hh/Bmp Crosstalk	Shaw et al., 2010, Differentiation [41]	Haraguchi et al., 2012, PLoS One [27]
	Bmp Signaling
	Bmp Ligands	BMP2 Horvath et al., 2004, Prostate [42] BMP4 Lee at al., 2011, Cancer Res [43] BMP7 Masuda et al., 2003, Prostate [44]	BMP4 Kajioka et al., 2019, Congenit Anom [24] Ching et al., 2018, Hum Mol Genet [28] BMP7 Suzuki et al., 2008, Eur J Hum Genet [26]
	Bmp Receptor	Ide et al., 1997, Oncogene [45] Kim et al., 2000, Cancer Res [46]	Suzuki et al., 2003, Development [23]
	Paracrine Action of Local Steroidogenesis	Lubik et al., 2016, Int J Cancer [47] Levina et al., 2012, prostate [48]	Suzuki et al., 2017, Andrology [20]
		Backdoor production of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) Chang et al., 2011, PNAS [49]	Backdoor production of DHT O’Shaughnessy et al., 2019, PLoS Biol [50]
	Role of the BM	Davis et al., 2001, Prostate [51] Hao et al., 1996, Am J Pathol [52] Hao et al., 2001, Am J Pathol [53] Nagle, 2003, J Biol Chem [54]	Lin et al., 2016, Mech Dev [55] Gao et al., 2008, Genes Dev [56] Pickering et al., 2017, Matrix Biol [57]