Table 1.

Nanoscaffold applications for alveolar bone regeneration.

Material	Reference	Outcome
3 layer chitosan/PLGA/nano-sized bioactive glass	Sowmya et al. [1]	Complete periodontal healing and new alveolar bone deposition after three months
GO-coating of collagen membranes	Radunovic et al. [60]	Favourable on promoting osteoblastic differentiation process
GO-coating of collagen membranes	De Marco et al. [61]	Improved biocompatibility of collagen membranes on in vitro human primary gingival fibroblast model
PCL containing ß–TCP	Vaquette et al. [40]	Enhanced mechanical stability of the cell sheets, and mineralization. However, ectopic bone ingrowth was not sufficient
nano-ß- TCP/collagen scaffolds	Ogawa et al. [41]	nano-ß-TCP/collagen scaffolds loaded with fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) improved periodontal tissue wound healing results
Chitosan, PLGA, and silver (Ag) nanoparticles complex	Xue et al. [22]	Contributed to cell mineralization without cytotoxicity
GelMA/nHAmicrogels	Chen et al. [37]	Promoted in vivo osteogenesis of hPDLSCs encapsulated in microgels
nanomaterial-based silk fibroin scaffolds incorporating BMP-7 and/or PDGF-ß	Zhang et al. [103]	Promoted periodontal healing
PCLpowder containing HA	Rasperini et al. [104]	Clinical study with failure due exposure of the scaffold
Graphene	Xie et al. [112]	Favourable on osteogenic differentiation but not on osteoblastic differentiation
Graphene Oxide combined with silk fibroin	Rodríguez-Lozano et al. [65]	Favourable on mechanical resistance and hPDLSC proliferation and showed biocompatibility
Graphene Oxide combined with silk fibroin	Vera-Sánchez et al. [66]	PDLSC proliferation rate into osteo/cementoblast like cells improved with these combinations
GO-coating of titanium implants	Ren et al. [67]	Improved cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation and biocompatibility of implants
Citric Acid-Based Nano Hydroxyapatite	Dayashankar et al. [39]	Significant bone regeneration
Nano-bioactive glass loaded with NELL1 gene	Zhang et al. [31]	Good osteoconductivity for promoting the formation of new alveolar bone tissue
Poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) nanofibrous spongy microspheres, PLLA/polyethylene glycol (PEG) co-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles, and poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres	Liu et al. [23]	In a mouse model of periodontitis, the injectable and biomolecule-delivering PLLA lead to Treg enrichment, expansion, and Treg-mediated immune therapy against bone loss
Nanofibrous yarn reinforced HA-gelatin	Manju et al. [34]	Promoted bone formation in critical sized alveolar defects in rabbit model
Silver nanoparticle-coated collagen membrane	Chen et al. [35]	Induced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells that guide bone regeneration.
Chitosan-gold nanoparticles mediated gene delivery	Takanche et al. [48]	Enchanced osseointegration of dental implant even in osteoporotic condition
Hydroxyapatite nanowires modified polylactic acid membrane	Han et al. [36]	Promoted bone regeneration in a rat mandible defect model
PCL/chitosan/Sr-doped calcium phosphate electrospun nanocomposite	Ye et al. [56]	Higher ALP activity level and a better matrix mineralization
Nano hydroxyapatite mineralized silk fibroin	Nie et al. [38]	Improved osteogenesis
PLGA/PCL Modification Including Silver Impregnation, Collagen Coating, and Electrospinning	Qian et al. [24]	Enhanced alveolar bone regeneration (31.8%)