Table 2.
Comparison of multivariate regression coefficients of independent variables predicting log taxable income and poverty status between Kramer et al. [1] and the current study (full sample).
| Multivariate Regression | Log Taxable Income | Poverty Status | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Kramer et al. (Kramer 2016) | Current Study | Kramer et al. (Kramer 2016) | Current Study | ||||
| Year | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2011–2013 | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2011–2013 |
| Coef.(S.E.) | Coef.(S.E.) | |||||||
| (Male) | ||||||||
| Female | −0.55 *** | −0.44 *** | −0.48 *** | −0.11 | −63.46 *** | −42.31 *** | −30.67 *** | 57.81 |
| (0.61) | (145.63) | |||||||
| (White) | ||||||||
| Black | 0.04 *** | 0.01 *** | −0.03 *** | −0.07 | −13.01 *** | −14.69 *** | −17.50 *** | −29.24 |
| (0.09) | (20.16) | |||||||
| Other Race | −0.05 *** | −0.09 *** | −0.08 *** | −0.09 | −23.91 *** | −24.45 *** | −18.76 *** | −60.85 * |
| (0.10) | (25.47) | |||||||
| Number of children | 0.01 *** | 0.01 *** | 0.01 ** | 0.04 | ||||
| (0.07) | ||||||||
| Age | 0.01 *** | 0.01 *** | 0.01 *** | 0.02 *** | 5.67 *** | 5.69 *** | 4.79 *** | 6.30 ** |
| (0.01) | (1.89) | |||||||
| (Divorced) | ||||||||
| Widowed | −0.12 *** | −0.11 *** | −0.08 *** | −0.28 | 5.82 *** | 6.59 *** | 6.90 *** | −64.43 |
| (0.24) | (32.65) | |||||||
| Separated | −0.09 *** | −0.06 *** | −0.10 *** | −0.16 | −22.54 *** | −23.07 *** | −29.53 *** | −49.14 * |
| (0.09) | (23.56) | |||||||
| Never Married | −0.13 *** | −0.11 *** | −0.11 *** | −0.08 | −4.98 *** | −7.00 *** | −15.00 *** | 11.26 |
| (0.12) | (34.44) | |||||||
| Work hours per week | 0.01 *** | 0.02 *** | 0.02 *** | 0.04 ** | 1.54 *** | 2.16 *** | 2.81 *** | 6.98 * |
| (0.01) | (3.16) | |||||||
| Categorized weeks worked last year | 0.27 *** | 0.25 *** | 0.29 *** | 0.23 *** | 22.27 *** | 19.89 *** | 20.77 *** | 12.15 * |
| (0.03) | (4.84) | |||||||
| Non-work income | −0.00 *** | −0.00 ** | −0.00 *** | 0.00 | ||||
| (0.00) | ||||||||
| Occupation score | 0.02 *** | 0.02 *** | 0.02 *** | 0.01 * | 2.94 *** | 2.79 *** | 3.44 *** | 3.92 |
| (0.00) | (2.15) | |||||||
| (Higher than high school) | ||||||||
| High school degree or less | −0.22 *** | −0.20 *** | −0.26 *** | −0.33 * | −40.07 *** | −35.72 *** | −46.80 *** | −85.86 |
| (0.12) | (56.83) | |||||||
| Gender × number of children | −0.05 *** | −0.04 *** | −0.03 *** | −0.06 | ||||
| (0.07) | ||||||||
| Gender × working hours | 0.01 *** | 0.01 *** | 0.01 *** | 0.00 | 0.56 *** | 0.58 *** | 0.50 *** | −2.99 |
| (0.01) | (3.33) | |||||||
| Gender × occupation score | −0.01 *** | −0.01 *** | −0.01 *** | −0.00 | −0.11 *** | −0.31 *** | -−0.71 *** | −1.33 |
| (0.01) | (2.39) | |||||||
| Gender × high school or less | −0.08 *** | −0.10 *** | −0.07 *** | −0.00 | −4.60 *** | −11.95 *** | −10.09 *** | 20.11 |
| (0.15) | (58.93) | |||||||
| (Northeast) | ||||||||
| North central | NR | NR | NR | −0.23 ** | NR | NR | NR | −57.92 * |
| (0.09) | (23.68) | |||||||
| South | NR | NR | NR | −0.12 | NR | NR | NR | −38.77 |
| (0.09) | (24.18) | |||||||
| West | NR | NR | NR | 0.04 | NR | NR | NR | 7.24 |
| (0.11) | (31.62) | |||||||
| (Year 2011) | ||||||||
| Year 2013 | −0.03 | −17.39 | ||||||
| (0.05) | (10.50) | |||||||
| Constant | 7.23 *** | 7.44 *** | 7.11 *** | 6.83 *** | −163.66 *** | −186.27 *** | −209.17 *** | −293.74 |
| (0.67) | (155.49) | |||||||
| N | 219,743 | 273,463 | 59,099 | 1135 | 219,743 | 273,463 | 59,099 | 1135 |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.499 | 0.474 | 0.544 | 0.563 | 0.473 | 0.463 | 0.475 | 0.364 |
* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001. Note: NR, Not reported. Coef., Coefficient. S.E., Standard error. Numbers in brackets were the standard errors. The region dummies were included in the analysis but not presented by Kramer et al. [1].