Table A3.
Association of pre-intervention demographic characteristics and change scores for each domain of the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ) (n = 316).
| Mean Score Change (SD) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Domain 1: Healthcare provider support |
Domain 2: Having Sufficient Information |
Domain 3: Actively Managing Health |
Domain 4: Social Support for Health |
Domain 5: Active Appraisal of Health Information |
Domain 6: Active Engagement with Healthcare |
Domain 7: Navigating the Health Care System |
Domain 8: Ability to Find Good Health Information |
Domain 9: Understanding Health Information |
| Age group | P = 0.32 | P = 0.06 | P = 0.002 | P = 0.52 | P = 0.40 | P = 0.93 | P = 0.75 | P = 0.62 | P = 0.49 |
| <50 | 1.17 (1.64) | 2.33 (2.46) | 2.83 (2.82) | 0.25 (1.86) | 2.58 (2.31) | 0.75 (2.67) | 3.58 (3.87) | 2.50 (1.78) | 1.00 (2.17) |
| 50–59 | 0.69 (3.04) | 1.74 (3.32) | 2.05 (2.93) | 1.23 (3.39) | 1.46 (3.43) | 2.33 (4.66) | 2.69 (5.42) | 2.10 (4.38) | 1.72 (4.68) |
| 60–69 | 0.83 (2.15) | 1.43 (2.38) | 1.41 (2.38) | 1.12 (2.86) | 1.40 (2.65) | 1.45 (3.68) | 2.39 (4.50) | 2.33 (3.94) | 2.10 (3.75) |
| 70–79 | 0.55 (1.73) | 0.90 (2.14) | 0.43 (2.30) | 0.45 (2.42) | 0.66 (2.10) | 1.09 (3.32) | 2.07 (4.18) | 1.66 (3.36) | 0.96 (3.03) |
| ≥80 | 0.14 (2.49) | 0.38 (2.64) | 0.38 (3.20) | 0.34 (3.32) | 0.72 (3.36) | 1.28 (4.67) | 2.34 (6.63) | 0.97 (4.69) | 0.69 (4.50) |
| Gender | P = 0.85 | P = 0.33 | P = 0.84 | P = 0.47 | P = 0.05 | P = 0.46 | P = 0.67 | P = 0.82 | P = 0.27 |
| Female | 0.62 (2.16) | 1.15 (2.36) | 1.09 (2.39) | 0.76 (2.55) | 0.91 (2.50) | 1.38 (3.62) | 2.23 (4.32) | 1.83 (3.62) | 1.20 (3.46) |
| Male | 0.76 (2.21) | 1.41 (2.70) | 1.20 (2.93) | 0.98 (3.24) | 1.55 (2.91) | 1.44 (4.03) | 2.56 (5.33) | 2.17 (4.20) | 2.03 (4.05) |
| Live Alone | P = 0.03 | P = 0.94 | P = 0.21 | P = 0.15 | P = 0.50 | P = 0.84 | P = 0.24 | P = 0.05 | P = 0.49 |
| Yes | 1.12 (1.96) | 1.61 (2.23) | 1.30 (2.71) | 1.12 (2.91) | 1.25 (2.55) | 1.61 (3.96) | 3.16 (5.15) | 2.59 (3.20) | 1.88 (3.90) |
| No | 0.46 (2.12) | 1.03 (2.49) | 0.93 (2.44) | 0.63 (2.68) | 0.98 (2.57) | 1.30 (3.66) | 2.08 (4.54) | 1.68 (3.84) | 1.33 (3.51) |
| Country of Birth | N/A a | ||||||||
| Australia | 0.75 (2.24) | 1.96 (2.79) | 1.61 (2.55) | 0.86 (3.23) | 1.41 (2.88) | 1.35 (4.42) | 2.31 (5.67) | 2.37 (4.58) | 1.51 (3.95) |
| Mainland China | 0.22 (2.11) | 0.21 (2.52) | 0.47 (2.44) | 0.13 (2.42) | 0.29 (2.60) | 1.17 (3.96) | 1.71 (4.67) | 1.04 (4.04) | 0.26 (3.87) |
| India | 0.97 (2.40) | 1.87 (2.60) | 1.04 (3.01) | 1.14 (3.17) | 1.31 (3.00) | 2.07 (4.09) | 3.59 (5.16) | 3.17 (3.99) | 2.69 (4.24) |
| Hong Kong | 0.29 (2.22) | 0.88 (2.07) | 1.41 (2.20) | 0.62 (2.81) | 1.65 (2.62) | 1.56 (3.64) | 2.21 (3.90) | 1.94 (3.50) | 1.88 (3.04) |
| Turkey | 1.58 (1.89) | 2.58 (1.56) | 2.45 (2.03) | 1.85 (2.41) | 2.30 (1.86) | 1.21 (1.39) | 2.42 (2.97) | 1.91 (2.14) | 1.70 (2.58) |
| Sri Lanka | 0.76 (1.27) | 1.00 (1.50) | 0.76 (1.90) | 1.04 (2.05) | 1.08 (2.20) | −0.28 (2.59) | 0.52 (2.65) | 0.84 (2.53) | 0.80 (2.06) |
| Other | 0.68 (1.86) | 0.47 (1.84) | 1.00 (2.85) | 1.05 (2.63) | 0.95 (1.93) | 2.84 (3.66) | 3.68 (5.22) | 2.37 (3.35) | 2.63 (3.55) |
| English Spoken at Home | P = 0.996 | P = 0.68 | P = 0.52 | P = 0.36 | P = 0.50 | P = 0.19 | P = 0.28 | P = 0.14 | P = 0.85 |
| Yes | 0.76 (2.08) | 1.72 (2.47) | 1.20 (2.44) | 0.72 (2.82) | 1.32 (2.55) | 1.17 (3.98) | 2.28 (4.83) | 2.20 (4.05) | 1.57 (3.48) |
| No | 0.59 (2.08) | 1.02 (2.36) | 1.05 (2.50) | 0.80 (2.67) | 1.02 (2.56) | 1.40 (3.49) | 2.25 (4.45) | 1.78 (3.53) | 1.41 (3.61) |
| Education Level | P = 0.63 | P = 0.54 | P = 0.59 | P = 0.43 | P = 0.95 | P = 0.27 | P = 0.31 | P = 0.30 | P = 0.03 |
| Primary School or less | 0.59 (2.21) | 1.53 (2.93) | 1.31 (2.78) | 0.38 (3.44) | 1.06 (3.22) | 2.19 (4.79) | 3.72 (5.65) | 2.56 (4.19) | 2.91 (3.73) |
| High School (not completed) |
1.32 (2.59) | 1.97 (2.33) | 1.71 (1.84) | 1.58 (2.66) | 1.50 (2.30) | 1.71 (3.85) | 2.37 (4.96) | 2.95 (3.57) | 1.84 (3.61) |
| High School (completed) | 0.74 (2.23) | 1.26 (2.54) | 1.00 (2.98) | 0.55 (2.93) | 1.00 (2.73) | 1.38 (4.01) | 3.08 (4.65) | 1.67 (4.05) | 1.76 (4.12) |
| TAFE/Trade | 0.21 (2.32) | 0.57 (2.31) | 0.45 (2.70) | 0.57 (2.86) | 0.81 (2.96) | 1.24 (3.61) | 1.83 (5.06) | 1.24 (4.15) | 0.31 (3.22) |
| Undergraduate | 0.48 (2.03) | 0.94 (2.57) | 1.11 (2.67) | 0.75 (2.62) | 1.08 (2.65) | 1.26 (3.77) | 1.92 (4.65) | 1.85 (3.90) | 1.14 (3.75) |
| Postgraduate | 0.65 (1.73) | 1.00 (1.62) | 0.47 (1.70) | 0.88 (2.50) | 1.53 (2.40) | 0.00 (2.81) | 1.35 (3.32) | 1.71 (3.26) | 1.35 (2.83) |
| Employment | P = 0.77 | P = 0.59 | P = 0.29 | P = 0.33 | P = 0.60 | P = 0.06 | P = 0.23 | P = 0.12 | P = 0.23 |
| Working / Studying | 0.29 (2.30) | 0.93 (2.06) | 0.64 (2.82) | 0.29 (2.61) | 0.86 (2.71) | 0.93 (3.15) | 1.71 (3.41) | 0.71 (2.55) | 1.29 (2.05) |
| Home duties | 0.10 (2.43) | 0.38 (2.32) | 1.05 (2.09) | 0.38 (2.68) | 0.41 (2.59) | 0.69 (3.04) | 1.18 (3.97) | 0.79 (3.78) | 0.67 (3.03) |
| Retired | 0.65 (2.04) | 1.03 (2.53) | 0.91 (2.46) | 0.79 (2.70) | 1.03 (2.71) | 1.09 (3.80) | 2.03 (4.70) | 1.72 (3.90) | 1.11 (3.58) |
| Ill / Permanently unable to work | 0.80 (3.68) | 1.30 (1.83) | 1.30 (2.71) | 2.10 (3.38) | 1.10 (2.64) | 3.40 (4.33) | 3.00 (3.06) | 2.70 (2.63) | 2.70 (4.42) |
| Other | 0.88 (1.17) | 1.88 (2.37) | 2.29 (2.87) | 0.06 (2.19) | 2.12 (2.06) | 1.53 (3.79) | 2.94 (5.51) | 2.53 (4.47) | 1.47 (3.22) |
| Chronic Disease | |||||||||
| Arthritis | P = 0.87 | P = 0.53 | P = 0.29 | P = 0.07 | P = 0.16 | P = 0.10 | P = 0.003 | P = 0.07 | P = 0.13 |
| 0.66 (2.29) | 1.25 (2.64) | 1.07 (2.45) | 1.08 (2.84) | 1.05 (2.61) | 1.88 (4.21) | 3.04 (5.07) | 2.33 (4.17) | 1.75 (3.70) | |
| Diabetes | P = 0.10 | P = 0.68 | P = 0.46 | P = 0.11 | P = 0.91 | P = 0.59 | P = 0.65 | P = 0.91 | P = 0.26 |
| 0.49 (2.21) | 1.36 (2.70) | 1.31 (2.85) | 0.60 (2.87) | 1.33 (2.80) | 1.18 (4.06) | 2.13 (5.12) | 2.22 (4.07) | 1.67 (3.91) | |
| Back pain | P = 0.85 | P = 0.30 | P = 0.41 | P = 0.16 | P = 0.50 | P = 0.11 | P = 0.05 | P = 0.86 | P = 0.85 |
| 0.80 (2.16) | 1.55 (2.43) | 1.46 (2.52) | 1.18 (2.93) | 1.22 (2.46) | 2.26 (4.24) | 3.55 (5.67) | 2.39 (4.39) | 1.82 (3.65) | |
| Heart problems | P = 0.12 | P = 0.75 | P = 0.0005 | P = 0.08 | P = 0.03 | P = 0.86 | P = 0.26 | P = 0.65 | P = 0.43 |
| 0.86 (2.13) | 1.31 (2.56) | 1.65 (2.39) | 1.31 (2.63) | 1.56 (2.87) | 1.72 (4.26) | 2.79 (4.51) | 2.14 (3.73) | 1.83 (3.25) | |
| Depression / Anxiety | P = 0.88 | P = 0.90 | P = 0.53 | P = 0.64 | P = 0.74 | P = 0.62 | P = 0.75 | P = 0.73 | P = 0.28 |
| 0.91 (2.36) | 1.69 (2.80) | 1.87 (2.32) | 1.21 (3.07) | 1.41 (2.52) | 1.75 (4.17) | 3.28 (5.51) | 2.51 (4.09) | 1.91 (3.64) | |
| Other | P = 0.30 | P = 0.93 | P = 0.87 | P = 0.76 | P = 0.69 | P = 0.26 | P = 0.41 | P = 0.36 | P = 0.72 |
| 0.83 (2.00) | 1.38 (2.56) | 1.20 (2.44) | 0.80 (2.81) | 1.18(2.57) | 1.52(3.85) | 2.53(4.78) | 1.89(3.98) | 1.63(3.62) | |
| Private Health Insurance | P = 0.46 | P = 0.82 | P = 0.86 | P = 0.93 | P = 0.70 | P = 0.62 | P = 0.11 | P = 0.02 | P = 0.27 |
| Yes | 0.47 (2.10) | 1.11 (2.45) | 1.11 (2.47) | 0.59 (2.66) | 1.06 (2.67) | 1.15 (3.65) | 1.98 (4.37) | 2.13 (3.55) | 1.37 (3.43) |
| No | 0.80 (2.22) | 1.36 (2.49) | 1.14 (2.63) | 0.96 (2.87) | 1.19 (2.65) | 1.57 (3.93) | 2.64 (4.98) | 1.91 (4.07) | 1.66 (3.88) |
| Healthcare Card | P = 0.06 | P = 0.11 | P = 0.75 | P = 0.02 | P = 0.08 | P = 0.40 | P = 0.48 | P = 0.53 | P = 0.82 |
| Yes | 0.56 (2.12) | 1.10 (2.50) | 1.08 (2.46) | 0.63 (2.66) | 0.94 (2.59) | 1.29 (3.74) | 2.30 (4.50) | 1.86 (3.78) | 1.36 (3.53) |
| No | 0.92 (2.10) | 1.56 (2.25) | 0.98 (2.32) | 1.27 (2.72) | 1.47 (2.39) | 1.88 (3.33) | 2.64 (4.24) | 2.20 (3.30) | 2.19 (3.43) |
| Attended Hospital Emergency in the Past 12 Months | P = 0.67 | P = 0.29 | P = 0.96 | P = 0.69 | P = 0.23 | P = 0.86 | P = 0.60 | P = 0.90 | P = 0.998 |
| Yes | 0.62 (2.24) | 0.94 (2.57) | 1.22 (2.61) | 0.51 (2.94) | 0.95 (2.90) | 1.22 (4.12) | 2.49 (5.11) | 1.78 (4.11) | 1.45 (3.67) |
| No | 0.54 (2.12) | 1.06 (2.39) | 1.00 (2.37) | 0.73 (2.64) | 1.06 (2.50) | 1.21 (3.48) | 1.91 (4.34) | 1.70 (3.68) | 1.17 (3.31) |
| Help with Questionnaire | P = 0.65 | P = 0.08 | P = 0.50 | P = 0.77 | P = 0.13 | P = 0.33 | P = 0.06 | P = 0.98 | P = 0.43 |
| Yes | 1.02 (2.56) | 2.04 (3.20) | 1.39 (3.09) | 0.96 (3.63) | 1.59 (3.24) | 1.17 (4.55) | 2.70 (5.94) | 2.54 (4.73) | 1.93 (4.41) |
| No | 0.60 (2.13) | 1.09 (2.34) | 1.06 (2.48) | 0.78 (2.63) | 1.02 (2.56) | 1.51 (3.70) | 2.39 (4.53) | 1.92 (3.73) | 1.49 (3.62) |
| Teaching Group | P = 0.47 | P = 0.04 | P = 0.14 | P = 0.30 | P = 0.04 | P = 0.53 | P = 0.004 | P = 0.21 | P = 0.02 |
| Arabic | 1.17 (2.23) | 1.00 (2.10) | 1.33 (2.07) | 2.67 (2.80) | 1.33 (1.86) | 3.67 (1.86) | 2.83 (3.19) | 3.67 (2.34) | 3.17 (2.40) |
| ATSI | 1.12 (2.14) | 2.77 (2.42) | 1.96 (2.92) | 0.96 (2.90) | 2.31 (2.53) | 2.04 (3.55) | 3.69 (5.03) | 3.81 (3.81) | 2.50 (3.47) |
| Australian and NZ † | 0.00 (0.82) | 0.50 (1.00) | 0.50 (1.00) | 0.25 (1.71) | 0.00 (0.00) | −0.50 (2.08) | −2.25 (2.22) | −1.25 (2.75) | −1.50 (1.29) |
| Chinese (Cantonese) | 0.51 (2.11) | 0.65 (2.04) | 1.49 (2.15) | 0.63 (2.60) | 1.33 (2.43) | 1.74 (3.83) | 2.84 (4.34) | 2.14 (3.50) | 2.00 (3.12) |
| Chinese (Mandarin) | 0.04 (2.08) | 0.20 (2.64) | 0.11 (2.47) | 0.06 (2.39) | 0.13 (2.60) | 1.35 (4.09) | 1.74 (4.87) | 1.00 (4.09) | 0.15 (4.03) |
| Chinese (Traditional) | 0.11 (1.96) | −0.11 (2.15) | 1.00 (2.96) | 0.11 (2.26) | 0.33 (3.28) | −0.56 (3.40) | −1.33 (3.74) | −0.33 (4.36) | −1.78 (2.39) |
| English | 0.45 (2.52) | 1.27 (3.15) | 1.50 (2.26) | 0.95 (3.81) | 0.55 (3.17) | 0.82 (5.43) | 1.50 (6.28) | 1.14 (5.03) | 0.73 (4.31) |
| Filipino (Tagalong) b | 0.00 (0.00) | −1.00 (0.00) | −2.00 (0.00) | −3.00 (0.00) | 2.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | −1.00 (0.00) | −3.00 (0.00) | −1.00 (0.00) |
| Hindi | 0.90 (2.49) | 1.94 (2.71) | 1.05 (3.11) | 1.08 (3.33) | 1.27 (3.12) | 2.27 (4.27) | 3.97 (5.44) | 3.44 (4.10) | 3.17 (4.48) |
| Indian (English) | 0.83 (1.80) | 1.33 (2.46) | 0.33 (2.64) | 1.08 (2.39) | 1.00 (2.00) | 1.25 (2.80) | 1.50 (2.28) | 1.33 (3.11) | 0.67 (2.87) |
| Multicultural † | 0.75 (1.50) | 1.00 (2.00) | 1.00 (0.82) | 0.00 (0.00) | 1.00 (2.00) | 1.00 (2.00) | 2.25 (2.06) | 2.25 (1.50) | 1.75 (2.22) |
| Tamil | 0.48 (1.73) | 0.88 (1.79) | 0.40 (2.25) | 0.88 (2.40) | 1.08 (2.33) | −0.36 (2.66) | 0.24 (2.71) | 0.48 (2.71) | 0.76 (2.30) |
| Turkish | 1.58 (1.89) | 2.58 (1.56) | 2.45 (2.03) | 1.85 (2.41) | 2.30 (1.86) | 1.21 (1.39) | 2.42 (2.97) | 1.91 (2.14) | 1.70 (2.58) |
N.B. There are 9 missing values for the variable of age; 5 missing values for the variable of gender; 25 missing values for the variable of live alone; 5 missing values for the variable of country of birth; 6 missing values for the variable of speaking English; 34 missing values for the variable of education level; 88 missing values for the variable of employment; 28 missing values for the variable of illness and; 193 missing values for the variable of number of sessions attending; 23 missing values for the variable of private health insurance; 27 missing values for the variable of having healthcare card; 87 missing values for the variable of attended hospital emergency in the past 12 months; 23 missing values for the variable of help with questionnaire. a Country of birth was not included in the analysis of covariance due to collinearity with teaching group. b Less than 5 observations stayed within the group.