Table 3.
Claudins as prognostic, therapeutic and detection agents.
| Claudins Subtype | Disease Type | Therapeutic Agent | Clinical Application | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Claudin-1 | Hepatitis C virus infection | Residues within the first extracellular loop. | Hepatitis C virus co-receptor. | [139] |
| Humanization of a claudin-1-specific monoclonal antibody. | Clinical prevention and cure of Hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection. | [118] | ||
| Claudin-6 | Ovarian cancer | Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) cytotoxicity. | CPE-mediated cytotoxicity in Ovarian cancer. | [127] |
| Claudin-3 | Ovarian cancer uterine carcinomas |
Human anti-claudin-3 IgG1 antibody. | Candidate for antibody-drug conjugate therapeutic applications. | [120,140] |
| Claudin-1 | Colon cancer | Human claudin-1 (6F6 mAb). |
Suppressed survival, growth, and migration of claudin-1 positive cells. Suppressed tumor growth and liver metastasis formation. |
[121] |
| Claudin-4 | Colorectal cancer | Anti-claudin-4 extracellular domain antibody. | Enhancer of anti-tumoral effects of chemotherapeutic agents. | [122] |
| Claudin-4 | Pancreatic Cancer (PDAC) | Indium-111 tagged anti-claudin-4 monoclonal antibody. | X-ray computed tomography sided detection of PDAC. | [135] |
| Claudin-18.2 | Gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancer | Chimeric monoclonal antibody that binds to claudin-18.2 (NCT03504397) | Cell death through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. | [123] |
| Claudin-4 | Pancreatic cancer | Claudin-4 binder C-CPE 194 | Enhances Tazeffects of anticancer agents via a MAPK pathway. | [141] |
| Claudin-3 and 4 | Prostate cancer | Claudin-3 and claudin-4 targeted Clostridium perfringens protoxin | Selectively cytotoxic to PSA-producing prostate cancer cells. | [126] |
| Claudin-1 | Colon cancer | Peptide RTSPSSR, specific to claudin-1 against the extracellular loop of claudin-1. | Specific to human adenomas, hyperplastic polyps, and sessile serrated adenomas. | [137] |
| Claudin-1 | Colon cancer | Claudin-1 antibody conjugated with LI-COR IR800DyeCW | Near-infrared antibody-based imaging for visualization of colorectal tumors. | [138] |
| Claudin-9 | Hepatitis C virus infection | Residues N38 and V45 in the first extracellular loop (EL1) of claudin-9 are responsible for HCV entry. Also found in PBMS (peripheral blood mononuclear cell) contributing to extrahepatic HCV infection. |
It can be implicated in the development of drugs to block HCV entry into the liver and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMS). | [142] |
| Claudin-11 | Gastric Cancer | Hyper-methylation of claudin-11 promotor region leads to significant downregulation in gastric cancer. | Identification of the associated signaling cascades might lead to novel approaches in diagnosis and therapy for gastric cancer. | [48] |
| Claudin-7 | Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) | Reduced expression—Poor outcome Claudin-7 low NSCLC—Poor survival. Claudin-7 high NSCLC—High Survival. |
Biomarker and a potential therapeutic target in patients with NSCLC. | [143] |
| Claudin-7 | Epithelial Ovarian cancer | Claudin-7 transcripts were significantly enhanced in epithelial ovarian carcinoma patients. Silencing claudin-7 displayed enhanced sensitivity to Cisplatin treatment. |
Independent prognostic factor and a key protein in regulating response to platinum-based chemotherapy in the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). | [144] |
| Claudin-2 | Irritable bowel disease (IBD) | Anti-claudin-2 mAb 1A2 | Prevent cis- and trans-interactions of claudin-2, attenuating the formation of leaky tight junction (TJ) seals. | [145] |