Table 3.
The effects of flaxseed supplementation on serum levels of anthropometric indices and metabolic parameters in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome at baseline and after the intervention
| Variables | Flaxseed group (n = 21) | Control group (n = 20) | Between-group comparison | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P1 | P2 | ||||
| Weight (kg) | Baseline | 73.90 ± 15.20 | 76.8 ± 16.86 | 0.547 | 0.465 |
| End | 72.99 ± 15.32 | 77.7 ± 16.73 | 0.329 | 0.006 | |
| P3 | 0.031 | 0.014 | – | – | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | Baseline | 88.71 ± 10.99 | 91.68 ± 13.99 | 0.433 | 0.260 |
| End | 86.88 ± 11.34 | 93.47 ± 11.27 | 0.078 | 0.016 | |
| P3 | 0.001 | 0.467 | – | – | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | Baseline | 28.38 ± 5.15 | 28.94 ± 5.63 | .729 | 0.537 |
| End | 27.99 ± 5.13 | 29.31 ± 5.59 | 0.414 | 0.003 | |
| P3 | 0.023 | 0.012 | – | – | |
| FBS (mg/dl) | Baseline | 101.86 ± 12.08 | 101.77 ± 10.01 | 0.977 | 0.887 |
| End | 94.25 ± 9.78 | 101 ± 11.31 | 0.056 | 0.021 | |
| P3 | 0.151 | 0.606 | – | – | |
| Insulin (μIU/mL) | Baseline | 12.17 ± 4.5 | 12.28 ± 3.35 | 0.136 | 0.647 |
| End | 9.79 ± 3.78 | 13.69 ± 5.25 | 0.003 | 0.013 | |
| P3 | 0.026 | 0.352 | – | – | |
| HOMA-IR | Baseline | 3.04 ± 1.19 | 3.08 ± 0.89 | 0.658 | 0.566 |
| End | 2.32 ± 1.06 | 3.35 ± 1.14 | 0.002 | 0.009 | |
| P3 | 0.017 | 0.652 | – | – | |
| QUICKI | Baseline | 0.32 ± 0.01 | 0.32 ± 0.01 | 0.673 | 0.716 |
| End | 0.34 ± 0.02 | 0.32 ± 0.02 | 0.001 | 0.006 | |
| P3 | 0.034 | 0.748 | – | – | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | Baseline | 147.86 ± 33.32 | 153.16 ± 25.62 | 0.387 | 0.395 |
| End | 140.25 ± 29.21 | 143.27 ± 22.72 | 0.727 | 0.871 | |
| P3 | 0.301 | 0.118 | – | – | |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | Baseline | 84.09 ± 35.51 | 88.82 ± 41.86 | 0.684 | 0.844 |
| End | 71.85 ± 32.21 | 78.03 ± 20.1 | 0.488 | 0.665 | |
| P3 | 0.147 | 0.252 | – | – | |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | Baseline | 34.26 ± 11.75 | 37 ± 10.67 | 0.418 | 0.135 |
| End | 43.3 ± 10.88 | 34.61 ± 7.5 | 0.008 | P< | |
| P3 | P < 0.001 | 0.285 | – | 0.001 | |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | Baseline | 147.56 ± 21.59 | 156.77 ± 30.85 | 0.255 | 0.201 |
| End | 125.5 ± 28.45 | 153.16 ± 25.62 | 0.003 | 0.007 | |
| P3 | P < 0.001 | 0.828 | – | – | |
| Total testosterone (ng/mL) | Baseline | 0.93 ± 0.26 | 0.94 ± 0.25 | 0.666 | 0.994 |
| End | 0.95 ± 0.25 | 0.96 ± 0.24 | 0.661 | 0.863 | |
| P3 | 0.823 | 0.349 | – | – | |
| SHBG (nmol/L) | Baseline | 45.02 ± 31.52 | 43.02 ± 12.57 | 0.286 | 0.610 |
| End | 55.9 ± 9.69 | 49.05 ± 13.4 | 0.152 | 0.052 | |
| P3 | 0.247 | 0.154 | – | – | |
| FAI | Baseline | 2.49 ± 1.32 | 2.33 ± 1.02 | 0.219 | 0.319 |
| End | 1.75 ± 0.55 | 2.21 ± 1.16 | 0.135 | 0.068 | |
| P3 | 0.015 | 0.372 | – | – | |
| mF-G scores | Baseline | 12.52 ± 7.53 | 11.04 ± 4.61 | 0.539 | 0.509 |
| End | 11.43 ± 7.2 | 10.68 ± 4.2 | 0.879 | 0.726 | |
| P3 | P < 0.001 | 0.179 | – | – | |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | Baseline | 3.86 ± 1.53 | 3.81 ± 1.63 | 0.912 | 0.581 |
| End | 2.87 ± 1.3 | 3.78 ± 1.03 | 0.023 | 0.021 | |
| P3 | 0.02 | 0.596 | – | – | |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | Baseline | 4.54 ± 1.45 | 5.07 ± 1.51 | 0.166 | 0.329 |
| End | 5.05 ± 1.7 | 5.08 ± 2.07 | 0.047 | 0.235 | |
| P3 | 0.232 | 0.158 | – | – | |
| Adiponectin (mg/mL) | Baseline | 13.04 ± 3.36 | 14.56 ± 4.16 | 0.044 | 0.073 |
| End | 17.36 ± 4.1 | 14.18 ± 4.54 | 0.03 | 0.042 | |
| P3 | 0.002 | 0.793 | – | – | |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | Baseline | 70.18 ± 13.38 | 64.64 ± 21.67 | 0.633 | 0.329 |
| End | 57.96 ± 10.19 | 70.97 ± 19 | 0.016 | 0.006 | |
| P3 | 0.01 | 0.132 | – | – | |
BMI, body mass index; FBS, fasting blood sugar; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; QUICKI, quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein; SHBG, sex hormone-binding globulin; FAI, free androgen index; mF-G score, modified Ferriman-Gallwey; hs-CRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6
P1: between-group comparison of the variables; independent sample t-test (for FBS, TC, LDL, HDL, hs-CRP, adiponectin, leptin, and FAI) and Mann–Whitney U test (for other variables). P2: between-group comparison of the variables at baseline and after the intervention; analysis of covariance in the adjusted models (adjusted for age, BMI, dietary intake of energy, physical activity, and baseline biochemical variables). P3: within-group comparison of the variables; paired sample t-test (for FBS, TC, LDL, HDL, hs-CRP, adiponectin, leptin, and FAI) and Wilcoxon signed-rank test (for other variables)