. 2020 Jan 24;19:8. doi: 10.1186/s12937-020-0524-5

Table 4.

Mean changes (SD) of metabolic characteristics in the two study groups

Change from baseline	Flaxseed group (n = 21)	Control group (n = 20)	P₁	P₂
Weight (kg)	−0.9 ± 1.89	0.91 ± 1.58	0.001^a	0.006^a
Waist circumference (cm)	−1.95 ± 1.65	0.58 ± 3.32	0.007^a	0.004^a
BMI (kg/m²)	−0.38 ± 0.76	0.36 ± 0.62	0.001^a	0.003^a
FBS (mg/dL)	−6.95 ± 20.76	−2.22 ± 16.96	0.45	0.023^a
Insulin (μIU/mL)	−2.75 ± 4.06	1.52 ± 6.74	0.021^a	0.007^a
HOMA-IR	−0.72 ± 1.13	0.26 ± 1.61	0.034^a	0.009^a
QUICKI	0.01 ± 0.02	− 0.004 ± 0.02	0.05	0.006^a
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	−8.3 ± 34.89	−14.11 ± 36.33	0.618	0.871
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	−13.18 ± 39	−11.61 ± 41.54	0.905	0.665
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	9.25 ± 6.59	−2.77 ± 10.68	P < 0.001^a	P < 0.001^a
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	−21.85 ± 22.06	− 0.27 ± 28.81	0.013^a	0.011^a
Total testosterone (ng/mL)	0.03 ± 0.35	0.07 ± 0.29	0.694	0.866
SHBG (nmol/L)	6.76 ± 30.36	6.35 ± 18.17	0.959	0.051
FAI	−0.73 ± 1.23	−0.13 ± 1.48	0.248	0.046^a
mF-G scores	−1.09 ± 2.9	− 0.36 ± 3.11	0.121	0.254
hs-CRP (mg/L)	− 1.32 ± 2.08	−0.24 ± 1.93	0.108	0.011^a
IL-6 (pg/mL)	0.62 ± 2.22	0.89 ± 2.58	0.731	0.237
Adiponectin (mg/mL)	4.31 ± 5.53	−0.39 ± 6.02	0.017^a	0.041^a
Leptin (ng/ml)	−9.48 ± 14.55	9.7 ± 25.93	0.007^a	0.006^a

The data have been expressed as mean ± SD. P1: between-group comparison of the mean changes of the studied variables; Mann–Whitney U (for waist circumference, insulin, QUICKI, and Ferriman-Gallwey score) and independent sample t-test (for other variables). P2: between-group comparison of the mean changes of the studied variables; analysis of covariance in the adjusted models (adjusted for age, BMI, dietary intake of energy, physical activity, and baseline biochemical variables)

^aStatistically significant