Table 3.

Breakdown of individual studies included in meta-analysis, and their contribution to the overall estimated effect.

Experiment	Study	Type	Method	Meditators	Tradition	N	MD (95% CI)	z	p	Weight (%)
1	Nielsen et al. (2006)	Cross-sectional	Heartbeat detection	Experienced	Buddhist	26	−2.4 (−6.3, 1.5)	−1.20	0.23	41.7
2	Khalsa et al. (2008)	Cross-sectional	Heartbeat detection	Experienced	Kundalini, Buddhist	47	−2.2 (−22.1, 17.7)	−0.22	0.83	1.6
3	Parkin et al. (2013) Study 1	Longitudinal	Heartbeat counting	Non experienced	Mindfulness	60	10.2 (−2.9, 23.3)	1.53	0.13	3.8
4	Parkin et al. (2013) Study 2	Longitudinal	Heartbeat counting	Non experienced	Mindfulness	60	−4.9 (−17.2, 7.4)	−0.78	0.43	4.3
5	Parkin et al. (2013) Study 3	Longitudinal	Heartbeat counting	Non experienced	Mindfulness	38	−4.3 (−17.3, 8.7)	−0.65	0.52	3.8
6	Melloni et al. (2013)	Cross-sectional	Heartbeat tapping	Experienced & non experienced	Mindfulness	29	−0.5 (−23.3, 22.3)	−0.04	0.97	1.2
7	Otten et al. (2015)	Cross-sectional	Heartbeat counting	Experienced	Mindfulness	44	1 (−8.8, 10.8)	0.20	0.84	6.7
8	Fischer et al. (2017) Study 1	Longitudinal	Heartbeat counting	Non experienced	Mindfulness	49	6 (−3.0, 15.0)	1.31	0.19	8.0
9	Fischer et al. (2017) Study 2	Longitudinal	Heartbeat counting	Non experienced	Mindfulness	36	0 (−12.1, 12.1)	0	1	4.4
10	Bornemann et al. (2017) Cohort 1	Longitudinal	Heartbeat counting	Non experienced	Mindfulness	151	−2.4 (−10.2, 5.4)	−0.61	0.54	10.7
11	Bornemann et al. (2017) Cohort 2	Longitudinal	Heartbeat counting	Non experienced	Mindfulness	154	2.2 (−5.2, 9.6)	0.59	0.56	12.0
12	Khalsa et al. (2019)	Cross-sectional	Adrenergic infusion	Experienced	Vipassana, Kundalini	30	10.4 (−9.1, 29.9)	1.04	0.30	1.7
					Overall	724	−0.30 (−2.35, 2.24)	−0.23	0.81	100%

MD: mean difference. CI: confidence interval.