Table 2.

Semantic opposite adjective pairs and results of the paired-samples T-test.

Category	Semantic		Mean	SD	SE	t	p
	Negative	Positive
I	Conservative	Avant-garde	0.630	1.568	0.184	3.434	0.001
I	Staid	Lively	−0.397	2.559	0.300	−1.326	0.189
I	Rough	Exquisite	−0.753	1.949	0.228	−3.302	0.001
I	Mature	Childlike	0.630	2.010	0.235	2.678	0.009
I	Monotonous	Creative	0.890	1.663	0.195	4.575	0.000
I	Outdated	Fashionable	0.027	1.624	0.190	0.144	0.886
I	Closed	Cross-border	1.411	1.373	0.161	8.782	0.000
I	Tedious	Concise	−1.466	2.109	0.247	−5.939	0.000
I	Vulgar	Elegant	−1.027	1.972	0.231	−4.452	0.000
II	Rigid	Smart	1.781	1.557	0.182	9.774	0.000
II	Destructive	Environmental	0.178	1.743	0.204	0.873	0.386
II	Bound	Flexible	1.068	1.719	0.201	5.312	0.000
II	Traditional	Technology	1.781	1.669	0.195	9.118	0.000
II	Isolated	Interactive	1.192	1.560	0.183	6.526	0.000
II	Closed	Open	−0.137	2.057	0.241	−0.569	0.571
II	Messy	Systematic	−1.082	2.228	0.261	−4.149	0.000
II	Single	Multifunctional	1.808	1.912	0.224	8.079	0.000
II	Rational	Emotional	−0.616	2.271	0.266	−2.319	0.023
III	Alienated	Affinity	0.219	1.652	0.193	1.134	0.261
III	Cold	Warm	−0.603	1.614	0.189	−3.191	0.002
III	Stodgy	Interesting	−0.096	1.108	0.130	−0.740	0.462
III	Disappointed	Surprise	0.164	1.871	0.219	0.751	0.455
III	Gloomy	Relaxed	−0.192	1.883	0.220	−0.870	0.387
III	Indifferent	Enthusiastic	0.521	1.519	0.178	2.927	0.005