Table 2.

Blockchain use cases, design challenges, and future directions in healthcare.

Application Domain	Objectives/Use Cases	Future Directions
Healthcare interoperability [19,21]	Data exchange, interpretation, and usage	Advanced data analytics, and supported by robust care coordination
MedRec record management [24]	Governs medical record access while providing patients with comprehensive record review, care auditability, and data sharing	Gather custom integration requirement to build open standard
BlockHie [27]	Healthcare information exchange for electronic medical records and personal healthcare data	Off-chain storage and on-chain verification for privacy and authentication
Healthcare analytics [31]	Acquisition, storage, and sharing of health data	Blockchain with artificial intelligence for healthcare analytics
Blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) powered [42]	Big data incorporation for data mining	Require consensus model, less computational costs for mining blocks, and validating transactions
MedShare [43]	Data sharing model between cloud service providers	Decrease latency contributing to the processing and anonymization of data
Data sharing and Privacy [25]	A tree-based data processing based on Hyperledger fabric and batching method to personal health data	Combine both personal health data and medical data together
Privacy Violation [44]	Anonymization, communication, and data backup and recovery	Secure raw data rather than anonymizing