Table 5.

Use cases, design challenges, and future directions in smart grid systems.

Application Domain	Objectives/Use Cases	Future Directions
Modernize Grid [75]	Industry flow, asset management, identity management, and smart contracts	The system should be less centralized
Smart energy grid [76]	Buy/sell energy between energy providers and private citizens	Citizens in the rural areas should be taken into account
Smart grid resilience [77]	Record real time loads and smart contracts execute customers distributed generated sales and purchases	Simulate applications in a realistic environment
Decentralized management of demand response [78]	Consensus based validation for matching energy demand and production	Implementation of multi-stakeholder markets
Blockchain based smart contracts [79]	Decreased payout times, reduced need for intermediaries	Microgrids will increase the resilience of the energy systems
Privacy Preserving smart grid tariff decisions [81]	Ensures transparency, verifiability, and reliability	Implementation in solidity
Electric vehicle charging [82]	Determine the cheapest charging station within a region	Scalability issue on large number of electric vehicles and handling the payment phase
Payment mechanism for vehicle to grid networks [83]	Data sharing and privacy protection in vehicle to grid networks	Diverse privacy demands, pricing policy
Crypto-trading energy market [84]	Robo-advisor to optimize the energy trading	Energy consumers to digitally connect to smart grid systems
Smart city through IoT [85]	Decentralized storage to record all transaction data	Replication in multiple cities
Efficient Aggregation for power grid communications [86]	Increased computational efficiency to preserve users privacy	Reduce the computational overhead caused by authentication, especially during system initialization
Grid-monitoring [87]	Prototype that allows user to monitor the electricity and no manipulation from the third party	Implementation of proposed model