Table 2.
Total anthocyanins and color parameters of red wines untreated (CO) and treated with fining agents of animal origin (GE) and vegetal origin from pea (PE1, PE2) and potato (PT1, PT2).
| Primitivo | Montepulciano | Syrah | Nebbiolo | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment | TA | Color Intensity | Hue | TA | Color Intensity | Hue | TA | Color Intensity | Hue | TA | Color Intensity | Hue |
| (mg/L) | (AU, OP 10 mm) | (mg/L) | (AU, OP 10 mm) | (mg/L) | (AU, OP 10 mm) | (mg/L) | (AU, OP 10 mm) | |||||
| CO | 255 ± 1abc | 13.97 ± 0.20a | 0.708 ± 0.002ab | 275 ± 4a | 15.12 ± 0.06a | 0.664 ± 0.002b | 367 ± 11a | 13.73 ± 0.14a | 0.677 ± 0.001a | 112 ± 4a | 4.73 ± 0.06a | 1.028 ± 0.005bc |
| GEL | 238 ± 3d | 13.02 ± 0.01bc | 0.708 ± 0.001ab | 265 ± 2c | 14.22 ± 0.12de | 0.669 ± 0.002ab | 367 ± 15a | 13.08 ± 0.01bc | 0.673 ± 0.001bc | 92 ± 3de | 4.25 ± 0.03de | 1.028 ± 0.003bc |
| GEH | 238 ± 2cd | 12.19 ± 0.10d | 0.709 ± 0.001a | 257 ± 2d | 13.35 ± 0.08f | 0.668 ± 0.001ab | 351 ± 7a | 12.50 ± 0.12d | 0.672 ± 0.001bc | 92 ± 2de | 3.99 ± 0.04f | 1.022 ± 0.000c |
| PE1L | 261 ± 3a | 13.68 ± 0.05a | 0.707 ± 0.001ab | 271 ± 2abc | 14.69 ± 0.07bc | 0.666 ± 0.001b | 361 ± 11a | 13.31 ± 0.23bc | 0.672 ± 0.001bc | 102 ± 3b | 4.45 ± 0.09c | 1.030 ± 0.005abc |
| PE1H | 236 ± 2cd | 13.55 ± 0.05a | 0.706 ± 0.001b | 267 ± 0bc | 14.45 ± 0.07cd | 0.665 ± 0.002b | 355 ± 9a | 13.20 ± 0.13bc | 0.672 ± 0.002bc | 102 ± 4bc | 4.42 ± 0.03cd | 1.022 ± 0.003c |
| PE2L | 253 ± 2abcd | 13.59 ± 0.12a | 0.707 ± 0.001ab | 270 ± 2abc | 14.82 ± 0.08ab | 0.665 ± 0.001b | 360 ± 10a | 13.20 ± 0.06bc | 0.674 ± 0.001ab | 96 ± 1bcd | 4.64 ± 0.05ab | 1.036 ± 0.003ab |
| PE2H | 243 ± 5bcd | 13.39 ± 0.02ab | 0.706 ± 0.001b | 265 ± 3c | 14.45 ± 0.16cd | 0.664 ± 0.001b | 371 ± 6a | 13.17 ± 0.08bc | 0.672 ± 0.001bc | 88 ± 2e | 4.46 ± 0.06bc | 1.034 ± 0.008abc |
| PT1L | 248 ± 8abcd | 13.18 ± 0.06ab | 0.708 ± 0.001ab | 267 ± 0bc | 14.48 ± 0.11cd | 0.669 ± 0.002ab | 364 ± 15a | 12.94 ± 0.10c | 0.674 ± 0.002abc | 103 ± 3b | 4.46 ± 0.08bc | 1.035 ± 0.004ab |
| PT1H | 245 ± 2bcd | 12.65 ± 0.04cd | 0.707 ± 0.001ab | 258 ± 2d | 13.90 ± 0.24e | 0.672 ± 0.005a | 352 ± 6a | 12.50 ± 0.11d | 0.670 ± 0.002c | 92 ± 2de | 4.22 ± 0.11e | 1.041 ± 0.005a |
| PT2L | 255 ± 2ab | 13.67 ± 0.04a | 0.709 ± 0.000ab | 275 ± 1a | 14.71 ± 0.07bc | 0.666 ± 0.002b | 363 ± 6a | 13.43 ± 0.11ab | 0.673 ± 0.001bc | 94 ± 1cde | 4.54 ± 0.03bc | 1.035 ± 0.005ab |
| PT2H | 251 ± 5abcd | 13.48 ± 0.10ab | 0.708 ± 0.000ab | 272 ± 1ab | 14.57 ± 0.08bc | 0.666 ± 0.001b | 358 ± 8a | 13.20 ± 0.23bc | 0.674 ± 0.002ab | 100 ± 4bc | 4.41 ± 0.01cd | 1.031 ± 0.000abc |
| ANOVA | *** | *** | * | *** | *** | ** | ns | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
| Contrasts’ significance p-values respect to control | ||||||||||||
| CO vs. GEL | 0.004 | 0.001 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.081 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
| CO vs. GEH | 0.037 | 0.000 | 0.635 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.240 | 0.295 | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.413 |
| CO vs. PE1L | 0.081 | 1.000 | 0.606 | 0.122 | 0.001 | 0.763 | 0.980 | 0.008 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.999 |
| CO vs. PE1H | 0.014 | 0.997 | 0.189 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.999 | 0.671 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.342 |
| CO vs. PE2L | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.395 | 0.033 | 0.028 | 0.999 | 0.949 | 0.001 | 0.128 | 0.000 | 0.435 | 0.271 |
| CO vs. PE2H | 0.339 | 0.405 | 0.251 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.998 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.612 |
| CO vs. PT1L | 0.843 | 0.013 | 1.000 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.048 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.093 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.322 |
| CO vs. PT1H | 0.373 | 0.000 | 0.635 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.364 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.011 |
| CO vs. PT2L | 0.939 | 1.000 | 0.999 | 1.000 | 0.002 | 0.912 | 1.000 | 0.073 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 0.012 | 0.413 |
| CO vs. PT2H | 1.000 | 0.852 | 0.996 | 0.670 | 0.000 | 0.827 | 0.864 | 0.001 | 0.128 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.996 |
All data are expressed as average value ± standard deviation (n = 3). Different Latin letters within the same column indicate significant differences among treatments according to Tukey test (p < 0.05). Sign: *, **, ***, and “ns” indicate significance at p < 0.05, 0.01, 0.001, and not significant, respectively. Contrasts values in bold face are significantly different from the control according to Dunnett test (p < 0.05). TA = Total anthocyanins expressed as mg of malvidin-3-glucoside chloride/L of wine. CO = Control, GE = Gelatin, PE1 = Pea 1, PE2 = Pea 2, PT1 = Potato 1, PT2 = Potato 2, L = low dose, H = high dose.