Abbreviations
CPS	cyber physical system
EV	electric vehicle
ICT	information and communication technology
CPESs	cyber physical energy systems
WAN	wide area network
ZC	zero crossing
ZCP	zero crossing point
ZCPE	zero crossing point error
FMI	Functional mock-up interface
API	application programming interface
FMU	functional mock-up unit
IP	intellectual property
MA	master algorithm
DDS	data distribution service
OMG	object management group
IoT	internet of things
RPM	revolution per minute
BMS	battery management system
MAPE	mean absolute percentage error
NEDC	new European driving cycle
UDE	urban driving cycle
SOC	State of charge
SOH	State of health
SOS	State of sickness
Variables
v	Velocity of the vehicle, m/s
A	Frontal area of the vehicle, m2
a	Acceleration of the vehicle, m/s2
F t	Traction force of the vehicle, N
F rr	Rolling resistance force of the wheels, N
F ad	Aero dynamic drag, N
F hc	Hill climbing force, N
F la	Force required to give linear acceleration, N
F wa	Force required to give angular acceleration to the rotating motor, N
${\mu }_{rr}$	Coefficient of rolling resistance
m	Vehicle mass, kg
g	Gravity acceleration, m/s2
$\rho$	Density of the air
C d	Aerodynamic drag coefficient
$\alpha$	Angle of the driving surface, rad
r w	Wheel radius, m
P t	Traction power, W
w W	Angular velocity of the wheels, rad/s
S W	Angular velocity of the wheels, rpm
T t	Traction torque, Nm
T s	Shaft torque of electric machine (motoring mode), Nm
T sr	Shaft torque of electric machine (regenerative braking mode), Nm
${\eta }_g$	Gearbox efficiency $g$
G	Gear ratio of differential
S s	Shaft angular velocity of electric machine (motoring mode), rpm
S sr	Shaft angular velocity of electric machine (regenerative breaking mode), rpm
P s	Shaft power of electric machine (motoring mode), W
P sr	Shaft power of electric machine (regenerative breaking mode), W
${\eta }_m$	Efficiency of power consumed (motoring mode)
${\eta }_r$	Efficiency of power generated (regenerative breaking mode)
P bm	Power consumed by electric machine (motoring mode), W
P br	Power generated by electric machine (regenerative breaking mode), W
P aux	Power consumed by auxiliary loads, W
P bc	Total power consumed in the EV, W
E b0	Open-circuit voltage of the battery, V
R Bi	Internal Resistance of the battery, $\mathsf{\Omega }$
Q	Total charge of the battery
I B	Battery current,
C	Battery capacity, Ah
alphaC	Linear temperature coefficient of the capacity C, K−1
Tref	Reference temperature, K