Table 2.
Demographic, Clinical, and Emotional Functioning Variables in Patients Who Did and Did Not Develop Chronic Pain After Breast Cancer Surgery (n = 95)
| Patients With Chronic Pain (n = 46) | Patients Without Chronic Pain (n = 49) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic variables | |||
| Age <50 yrs (n) | 14 | 7 | .06 |
| Column percentage | 30.4 | 14.3 | |
| Row percentage | 66.7 | 33.3 | |
| Education (n completed 2 yrs college) | 24 | 22 | .48 |
| Column percentage | 52.2 | 44.9 | |
| Row percentage | 52.2 | 47.8 | |
| Unmarried (n) | 10 | 18 | .11 |
| Column percentage | 21.7 | 36.7 | |
| Row percentage | 35.7 | 64.3 | |
| Clinical variables | |||
| Preoperative breast pain (n)* | 16 | 10 | .15 |
| Column percentage | 34.8 | 21.3 | |
| Row percentage | 61.5 | 38.5 | |
| History of breast cancer (n) | 8 | 16 | .09 |
| Column percentage | 17.4 | 32.7 | |
| Row percentage | 33.3 | 66.6 | |
| Malignant cancer status (n) | 36 | 31 | .11 |
| Column percentage | 78.3 | 63.3 | |
| Row percentage | 53.7 | 46.3 | |
| More invasive surgery (n) | 25 | 16 | .03 |
| Column percentage | 54.3 | 32.7 | |
| Row percentage | 61.0 | 39.0 | |
| Radiation therapy (n) | 21 | 15 | .13 |
| Column percentage | 45.7 | 30.6 | |
| Row percentage | 58.3 | 41.7 | |
| Chemotherapy (n) | 9 | 13 | .43 |
| Column percentage | 19.6 | 26.5 | |
| Row percentage | 40.9 | 59.1 | |
| Clinically meaningful acute pain (n) | 21 | 13 | .05 |
| Column percentage | 45.7 | 26.5 | |
| Row percentage | 61.8 | 38.2 | |
| Opioid analgesic use (n) | 11 | 9 | .51 |
| Column percentage | 23.9 | 18.4 | |
| Row percentage | 55.0 | 45.0 | |
| Emotional functioning variables, mean (SD) | |||
| BDI | 6.3 (5.8) | 4.6 (5.7) | .14 |
| STAI | 35.5 (12.6) | 33.7 (12.8) | .49 |
| HDARS | 5.7 (4.5) | 4.5 (5.1) | .22 |
| FACT-E | 17.3 (4.3) | 18.8 (4.7) | .11 |
| Disease Conviction Scale | .9 (1.1) | .7 (1.0) | .35 |
| Somatosensory Amplification Scale | 2.4 (.5) | 2.4 (2.0) | .93 |
NOTE. Column percentages reflect the proportions of patients within each of the 2 pain outcome categories (ie, with or without chronic pain) who have each risk factor variable. Row percentages reflect the proportions of patients with each risk factor variable who did and did not develop chronic pain.
Abbreviations: BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; STAI, Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; HDARS, Hamilton Depression and Anxiety Rating Scales; FACT-E, Functional Assessment of Cancer Treatment–Emotional Scale.
*
The sample size was 93 for preoperative breast pain, because of missing data.